. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 18.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Sci. 2020 May 10;23(6):e12973. doi: 10.1111/desc.12973

TABLE 3.

Multiple regression analyses examining predictors of Spanish-language outcomes at 4½ years, controlling for SES and exposure (n = 95)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
SES^a	2.3 (1.5)	2.2 (1.3)	1.8 (1.4)	1.8 (1.2)	2.1 (1.3)	2.1 (1.2)
% Spanish exposure^b	10.3 (1.5)^***	9.3 (1.3)^***	8.7 (1.4)^***	8.3 (1.3)^***	8.5 (1.4)^***	8.2 (1.3)^***
Spanish vocabulary size^c	–	6.4 (1.3)^***	–	5.4 (1.3)^***	–	5.5 (1.3)^***
Spanish accuracy^d	–	–	5.7 (1.4)^***	4.3 (1.3)^**	–	–
Spanish RT^d	–	–	–	–	−5.6 (1.4)^***	−4.3 (1.3)^**
Total R²	35.8%^***	49.3%^***	45.6%^***	54.6%^***	45.3%^***	54.6%^***
r²-change	–	13.5%^***	9.8%^***	18.8%^***	9.5%^***	18.8%^***

Note: Unstandardized coefficients (SE); r²-change values for Models 2–6 are in reference to Model 1.

Socioeconomic status (SES) at 4½ years from an updated version of the Hollingshead Index of Social Status (Hollingshead, 1975).

Reported relative exposure to Spanish versus English at 4½ years based on a comprehensive language background interview.

Number of words reported as ‘comprende y dice’ on the Spanish-language Inventario: Palabras y Enunciados at 2 years (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 2003).

Accuracy and speed (RT) of processing familiar Spanish words in the looking-while-listening (LWL) procedure at 2 years (Fernald et al., 2008).

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001.