. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 18.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Sci. 2020 May 10;23(6):e12973. doi: 10.1111/desc.12973

TABLE 4.

Multiple regression analyses examining predictors of English-language outcomes at 4½ years, controlling for SES and exposure (n = 95)

	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9	Model 10	Model 11	Model 12
SES^a	4.5 (1.1)^***	4.4 (1.1)^***	4.1 (1.1)^***	4.1 (1.1)^***	4.3 (1.1)^***	4.3 (1.1)^***
% Spanish exposure^b	−5.3 (1.1)^***	−5.7 (1.1)^***	−6.3 (1.1)^***	−6.5 (1.1)^***	−6.5 (1.1)^***	−6.7 (1.1)^***
Spanish vocabulary Size^c	–	2.8 (1.1)^*	–	2.1 (1.1)	–	2.1 (1.1)
Spanish accuracy^d	–	–	3.6 (1.1)^**	3.1 (1.1)^**	–	–
Spanish RT^d	–	–	–	–	−4.0 (1.1)^***	−3.4 (1.1)^**
Total R²	30.4%^***	35.1%^***	37.6%^**	40.0%^***	38.7%^***	41.1%^***
r²-change	–	4.7%^*	7.2%^**	9.6%^**	8.3%^**	10.7%^***

Note: Unstandardized coefficients (SE); r²-change for Models 8–12 are in reference to Model 7.

Socioeconomic status (SES) at 4½ years from an updated version of the Hollingshead Index of Social Status (Hollingshead, 1975).

Reported relative exposure to Spanish versus English at 4½ years based on a comprehensive language background interview.

Number of words reported as ‘comprende y dice’ on the Spanish-language Inventario: Palabras y Enunciados at 2 years (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 2003).

Accuracy and speed (RT) of processing familiar Spanish words in the looking-while-listening (LWL) procedure at 2 years (Fernald et al., 2008).

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001.