Table 1. Major molecular findings involved in the deregulation of the innate and adaptive immune system and clinical effects.

Pathomechanism	Major findings Cutaneous rosacea Ocular rosacea		Clinical features
Aberrant immune system - Innate immune system	• ↑ TLR-2 • Activation of NF-kB pathway • ↑ Pro-inflammatory factors: IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-33 • ER stress promotes activation of TLR-2	• ↑ TLR-4 • Activation of NF-kB pathway • ↑ Pro-inflammatory factors: IL-1α and β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-8, MMP-9	Cutaneous inflammation: • Papules • Pustules Ocular inflammation: • Irritation of the eyelid and ocular surface • Epithelial defects • Corneal ulcers • Corneal neovascularization
	• ↑ Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome: activation of caspase-1 and release of IL-1β	• Activation of the MAPK pathway: ↑ p38 and Erk: release of pro-inflammatory factors
	• ↑ KLK-5 and cathelicidin • ↑ Release of pro-inflammatory LL-37: erythema, redness, inflammation, release pro-inflammatory factors, leucocyte chemotaxis
	• ↑ Mast cell density: release of MMP-9, IL-6 and histamine that promote inflammation and fibrosis • ↑ Neutrophils and macrophages density	• ↑ β-defensins in tears: release of pro-inflammatory factors; leucocytes chemotaxis and histamine release by mast cells
- Adaptative immune system	• ↑ CD4(+) T cells • ↓ CD8(+) T cells
	• ↑ B cells