Table 2. Major molecular findings involved in the deregulation of both vascular and neurovascular system and clinical effects.

Pathomechanism	Major findings Cutaneous rosacea Ocular rosacea		Clinical features
Deregulation of vascular system	• ↑ Blood flow, persistent vascular and lymphatic dilatation		Cutaneous rosacea: • Angiogenesis • Vasodilatation • Erythema • Vascular permeability • Telangiectasia • Inflammation • Oedema • Fibrosis Ocular rosacea: • Angiogenesis (corneal neovascularization) • Vasodilatation • Erythema • Telangiectasia
	• ↑ CD31 and D240 • ↑ Expression levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectine and CD105
	• ↑ Expression levels of VEGF in epidermis and infiltrating cells, in corneal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells and macrophage infiltrates
	• ↑ LL-37 promotes VEGF expression, erythema and vascular dilatation
	• Mast cells participate in vascular mechanisms by releasing VEGF, bFGF and histamine
Deregulation of neurovascular system	• ↑ TRPV-1,2,3,4 and TRPA-1 • TRPV-2,4 stimulate mast cells degranulation • LL-37 promotes TRPV-2,4 activation	• TRPV-1 and TRPA-1 involved in corneal wound healing, corneal transparency, fibrosis, inflammation and neovascularization • TRPM-8 involved in dry eye
	• ↑ PACAP, SP, VIP and CGRP • SP involved in vascular permeability and plasma extravation • PACAP, VIP and CGRP involved in vasodilatation	• SP and CGRP involved in neuro-inflammatory processes and in corneal wound healing