Table 4. Major molecular findings of the aggravation of the disease by exogenous factors and clinical effects.

Pathomechanism	Major findings Cutaneous rosacea Ocular rosacea		Clinical features
Exogenous factors - Demodex	• Mites population is 5 to 7 times higher on skin biopsies • More frequent in drier or seborrheic skin • Can activate TLR-2 and NLRP3 inflammasome and induce the release of pro-inflammatory factors	• Mites population is higher in patients with ocular rosacea with corneal complications • Can induce the release of pro-inflammatory factors	Cutaneous and ocular rosacea: • Ocular angiogenesis • Activation or aggravation of cutaneous and ocular inflammation
- UV radiation	• ↑ ROS • ↑ NLRP3 inflammasome activation and release of pro-inflammatory factors
	• Promotes effects of LL-37: increased release of pro-inflammatory factors compared to LL-37 alone • ↑ Synthesis of vitamin D can promote the activation of TLR-2 and KLK-5 • ↑ Expression levels of VEGF-A, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectine • ↑ TRPV-4