Table 2.
The results of multilevel linear regression predicting time trends in adolescent mental health in 36 countries and the explanatory role of schoolwork pressure
| Psychosomatic complaints (n = 824,998) |
Life satisfaction (n = 829,339) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
B (95% CI) |
|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| Gender (Boys = ref) | 2.421 (2.394, 2.448)∗∗∗ | 2.421 (2.395, 2.448)∗∗∗ | 2.421 (2.394, 2.447)∗∗∗ | 2.228 (2.202, 2.254)∗∗∗ | −.247 (−.255, −.239)∗∗∗ | −.245 (−.253, −.237)∗∗∗ | −.245 (−.253, −.237) ∗∗∗ | −.206 (−.214, −.200)∗∗∗ |
| Age | .567 (.558, .575)∗∗∗ | .564 (.556, .572)∗∗∗ | .567 (.559, .575)∗∗∗ | .362 (.354, .370)∗∗∗ | −.206 (−.208, −.203)∗∗∗ | −.204 (−.207, −.202)∗∗∗ | −.203 (−.206 −.201) ∗∗∗ | −.160 (−.163, −.158)∗∗∗ |
| Medium FAS (low FAS = ref) | −.609 (−.644, −.574)∗∗∗ | −575 (−.609, −.540)∗∗∗ | −.573 (−.608, −.538)∗∗∗ | −.556 (−.589, −.522)∗∗∗ | .420 (.410, .431)∗∗∗ | .420 (.410, .430)∗∗∗ | .425 (.415, .436)∗∗∗ | .422 (.412, .432)∗∗∗ |
| High FAS (low FAS = ref) | −.601 (−.645, −.558)∗∗∗ | −.571 (−.614, −.528)∗∗∗ | −.573 (−.616, −.529)∗∗∗ | −.581 (−.623, −.539)∗∗∗ | .686 (.673, .699)∗∗∗ | .704 (.691, .716)∗∗∗ | .709 (.696, .722)∗∗∗ | .711 (.699, .724)∗∗∗ |
| Survey year | .067 (.064, .069)∗∗∗ | .058 (.055, .060)∗∗∗ | .061 (.046, .077)∗∗∗ | .054 (.039, .068)∗∗∗ | .000 (.000, .001) | .001 (.000, .001) | .000 (−.005, .005) | .001 (−.003, .006) |
| Schoolwork pressure | 1.981 (1.966, 1.996)∗∗∗ | −.414 (−.419, −.410)∗∗∗ | ||||||
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Student variance | 39.047 (38.928, 39.167) | 38.175 (38.058, 38.2912) | 37.962 (.37.846, 38.079) | 35.073 (34.966 35.180) | 3.426 (3.415, 3.44) | 3.386 (3.376, 3.396) | 3.362 (3.451, 3.372) | 3.236 (3.225, 3.245) |
| Country variance | 1.031 (.637, 1.662) | 1.00 (.593, 1.652) | 1.079 (.643, 1.77) | .043 (.027, .069) | .037 (.020, .064) | .048 (.027, .082) | ||
| Country/year variance | .303(.238, .387) | .277 (.216, .353) | .033 (.026, .042) | .034 (.026, .043) | ||||
| Bayesian DIC | 5364678.98 | 5346083.05 | 5341600.74 | 5276287.26 | 3374824.90 | 3365156.52 | 3359277.92 | 3327560.40 |
CI = credible interval; DIC = Deviance Information Criterion; FAS = Family Affluence Scale.
∗∗∗p < .001; ∗∗p < .01.