Table 3.

Linear changes over time within countries in adolescent mental health and schoolwork pressure (2002–2018)

	Psychosomatic complaintsc		Change per year	Life satisfactiond		Change per year	Schoolwork pressuree		Change per year
	2002a	Difference 2002 − 2018	B (±95% CI)	2002a	Difference 2002 − 2018	B (±95% CI)	2002a	Difference 2002 − 2018	B (±95% CI)
Austria	6.13	1.82	.111∗∗∗	7.95	−.24	−.011∗∗∗	1.07	.02	−.002∗∗
Belgium Flemish	6.55	1.38	.100∗∗∗	7.72	.08	−.022∗∗∗	1.12	−.03	.001
Belgium French	8.02	1.35	.108∗∗∗	−	−	−	.97	.30	.022∗∗∗
Canada	8.09	.73	.031∗∗∗	7.56	−.30	−.015∗∗∗	1.31	.18	.007∗∗∗
Croatia	6.98	.30	.004	7.49	.60	.045∗∗∗	1.13	.21	.009∗∗∗
Czech Republic	8.17	.28	−.060	7.45	.33	.011∗∗∗	1.08	.24	.012∗∗∗
Denmark	6.93	.87	.077∗∗∗	7.72	−.04	−.014∗∗∗	1.08	.00	.003∗
England	9.69	−.31	−.015	7.27	.17	−.008∗∗∗	1.54	.05	.001
Estonia	8.08	1.21	.084∗∗∗	7.17	.56	.016∗∗∗	1.44	.01	.002
Finland	8.5	1.27	.071∗∗∗	7.95	−.12	−.020∗∗∗	1.38	.12	.006∗∗∗
France	8.27	1.23	.075∗∗∗	7.58	.08	.001	1.02	.02	.001
Germany	6.44	1.75	.101∗∗∗	7.53	.16	.002	1.10	.03	.004∗∗∗
Greece	8.78	.46	−.007	7.99	−.45	−.035∗∗∗	1.33	−.15	−.012∗∗∗
Greenland	6.23	2.33	.182∗∗∗	7.47	.41	.002	.96	−.11	.002
Hungary	8.69	1.02	.058∗∗∗	7.55	.03	.002	1.10	.00	−.003∗∗
Icelandb	8.55	1.00	.060∗∗∗	7.80	−.18	−.006∗∗∗	1.33	.27	.019∗∗∗
Ireland	6.99	1.33	.113∗∗∗	7.61	−.06	−.016∗∗	1.23	.15	.011∗∗∗
Italy	10.28	1.08	.067∗∗∗	7.43	.15	.001	1.43	.28	.016∗∗∗
Latvia	7.37	1.66	.102∗∗∗	7.01	.39	.015∗∗∗	1.22	−.14	−.007∗∗∗
Lithuania	7.73	.17	.020	7.06	.85	.038∗∗∗	1.69	.07	−.02
Luxembourg	8.71	.92	.108∗∗∗	7.49	.15	−.004	1.23	.06	.007∗∗∗
Netherlands	6.34	.92	.109∗∗∗	8.14	−.02	−.025∗∗∗	.84	.35	.019∗∗∗
North Macedonia	6.45	1.94	.090∗∗∗	8.45	−.36	−.020∗∗∗	1.29	.19	.016∗∗∗
Norway	7.29	.19	.018	7.45	.45	.016∗∗∗	1.27	.05	.003∗∗
Poland	7.91	1.24	.092∗∗∗	7.35	.13	−.004	1.46	−.05	−.010∗∗∗
Portugal	6.49	.80	.100∗∗∗	7.40	.33	.010∗∗∗	1.42	−.09	−.007∗∗∗
Romaniab	9.63	−.65	−.020	7.72	.61	.048∗∗∗	1.28	.11	.007∗∗∗
Russia	6.73	1.16	.072∗∗∗	7.10	.31	.002	1.07	−.19	−.008∗∗∗
Scotland	7.75	.77	.072∗∗∗	7.66	−.04	−.002	1.24	.16	.014∗∗∗
Slovakiab	9.63	−.61	−.026∗∗∗	7.80	−.16	−.026∗∗∗	1.25	−.25	−.015∗∗∗
Slovenia	6.41	.85	.086∗∗∗	7.66	.31	.013∗∗∗	1.49	.09	.001
Spain	8.25	−1.81	−.087∗∗∗	7.68	.41	.014∗∗∗	1.50	.20	.012∗∗∗
Sweden	9.52	1.11	.077∗∗∗	7.59	−.13	−.022∗∗∗	1.24	.18	.005∗∗∗
Switzerland	7.78	.83	.053∗∗∗	7.82	−.13	−.019∗∗∗	1.01	.09	.007∗∗∗
Ukraine	9.24	−.04	−.230∗∗	6.97	.72	.034∗∗∗	1.01	−.09	−.014∗∗∗
Wales	8.17	.79	.088∗∗∗	7.37	.23	.009∗∗∗	1.55	−.03	−.005∗∗∗

CI = confidence interval.

∗∗∗p < .001; ∗∗p < .01, ∗p < .05.

^aScale: 0–32.

^bScale: 0–10.

^cScale: 0–3.

^dMean estimates.

^eFirst survey in 2006. Adjusted for age, gender, and family affluence. No data available for French Belgium.