. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Mar 9;68:101318. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101318

Table 2.

Active clinical trials of non-pharmacological neuromodulatory interventions in AD (clinicaltrials.gov as of February 10, 2021)

Investigational technique/device	Study population	Targeted area	Clinical trial identifier
Invasive brain stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) - electrical, implantable device	mild AD mild to moderate AD	Fornix Nucleus basalis of Meynert	NCT03622905 NCT03959124
Non-invasive brain stimulation
	mild AD	DMN-precuneus (20 Hz)	NCT03778151
repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) - coil induced depolarizing magnetic field	mild AD	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	NCT04263194
	mild to moderate AD (with depression)	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex unilateral (H1-coil)	NCT03665831
	mild to moderate AD (with depression)	Lateral parietal areas	NCT04260724
	mild to moderate AD (with apathy)	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilateral (H-coil)	NCT04562506
	mild to moderate AD (with apathy)	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (10 Hz)	NCT02190084
	prodromal AD (amnestic MCI)	DMN-angular gyrus (20 Hz)	NCT04045990
	prodromal AD (amnestic MCI)	DMN-prespecified cortical areas	NCT04294888
rTMS - intermittent Theta Burst (>5 Hz) Stimulation (iTBS)	MCI and mild AD		NCT04555941
Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment (TEMT)	mild to moderate AD	MemorEM 1000 head device emitting electromagnetic waves in radiofrequency range	NCT03927040 NCT04271163
transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) - sinusoidal low intensity electric current	mild to moderate AD	Areas with maximal tracer uptake on the amyloid PET (40 Hz)	NCT03290326 NCT03412604 NCT03880240 NCT04515433
	mild to moderate AD	Superior parietal cortex (40 Hz)	NCT03920826
	mild AD	Wide cortical area (40 Hz, Nexalin device and conductive pads at forehead and mastoid processes) Wide cortical area (4 Hz, Nexalin device and conductive pads at forehead and mastoid processes)	NCT04088643
transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) - direct low intensity electric current	mild AD mild to moderate AD	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	NCT03288363 NCT04404153
Sensory stimulation -GammaSense (audiovisual stimulation in gamma range)	MCI prodromal AD mild to moderate AD	Visual and auditory brain areas (40 Hz light flickers and tone pulses)	NCT03543878 NCT03556280 NCT03661034
Photobiomodulation (PBM) - near-infrared light stimulation	mild to moderate AD	transcranial/intranasal delivery of near infrared light 40 Hz	NCT03405662 NCT03160027
Photobiomodulation (PBM) - near-infrared light stimulation	subjects at risk of AD	pulses	NCT04018092
Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Pulsation	MCI and mild AD	Hippocampus (50ms long bursts at 10 Hz)	NCT03347084