Table 1.

Effect of TME cytokines on tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells

Cytokine	Source in TME	Effect on CD8+ T cells (TILs)	Refs
IL-2	Intratumoral injection of IL-2	Increases CD8+ T cell infiltration	[38]
IL-10	Tregs	Increases CD8+ T cell exhaustion	[40]
IL-15	Tumor and stroma	Increases CD8+ T cell infiltration	[47]
IL-17	Helper T cells	Increases CD8+ T cell effector function	[49]
IL-18	Tumor cells	Increases CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity	[50]
IL-35	Tregs	Decreases CD8+ T cell effector function	[40]
TNF-α	Cancer and stromal cells	Induces CD8+ T cell exhaustion	[46]