Fig. 5. Theoretical simulation for the artificial muscle material.

a Schematic illustration of the variation of the covalent-bond network (σ₀), physical entangled network (σ₁), and coordination-bond network (σ₂) when the training strain increased. b The simulation of engineering stress–strain curve for L40Z12@300%, including covalent-bond network (σ₀), elastic network (σ₁), and coordination-bond network (σ₂). c The simulation results of engineering stress–strain curves for the samples trained at different strains. Source Data for Fig. 5b–c are available as an associated article file.