Table 2.
RNA silencing: A tool for the management of oomycetes in various crops
| Host | Target pathogen | Targeted gene(s) | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solanum tuberosum (Potato) | Phytophthora infestans | G-protein β-subunit encoding gene (Pigpb 1) |
Silenced transformants failed to sporulate Reduced disease symptoms and sporulation |
Latijnhouwers and Govers (2003), Jahan et al. (2015) |
| Cdc 14 coding gene (PiCdc14) | Transformants showed reduced sporulation | Ah-Fong and Judelson (2003) | ||
| G-protein α-subunit gene (Pigpa 1) | Transformants exhibited reduced zoospore production and infection on potato leaves | Latijnhouwers et al. (2004) | ||
| GFP inf1and cdc14 | GFP, inf1 and cdc14 expression levels were reduced after exposure to dsRNA | Whisson et al. (2005) | ||
| bZIP transcription factor (Pibzp1) | Silenced transformants showed abnormal zoospore movement, failed to develop appressoria and were incapable of infecting tomato leaflets | Blanco and Judelson (2005) | ||
| Nuclear LIM interactor-interacting factors (NIFC1 and NIFC2) | Zoospore cyst germination was impaired by 60% in silenced NIFC transformants. Silencing occurred at the transcription level | Judelson and Tani (2007) | ||
| Inf1 | Hairpin most efficient method of silencing | Ah-Fong et al. (2008) | ||
| Putative glycosylated protein (Pihmp1) | Silenced lines showed loss of pathogenicity | Avrova et al. (2008) | ||
| Putative ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA-helicase gene (Pi-RNH1) | Pi-RNH1-silenced lines formed large aberrant zoospores that had multiple flagella and underwent partial cleavage | Walker et al. (2008) | ||
| Four members of the CesA encoding for cellulose synthase genes |
Silenced strains contained disrupted cell wall surrounding appressoria Cellulose content of the silenced strains was > 50% lower than that of non-silenced strains |
Grenville-Briggs et al. (2008) | ||
| Effector protein (PiAVR3a) | A PiAVR3a-silenced line (CS12) was significantly reduced in pathogenicity on Solanum tubersonum cv Bintje (susceptible) and on Nicotinia benthamiana | Bos et al. (2010) | ||
| Dicer-like (Pidcl1), Argonaute (Piago1/2) and Histone deacetylase (Pihda1) |
Stable Ns (Non-sporulating, Picdc14-silenced) transformant protoplasts were treated with dsRNA homologous to Pidcl1, Piago1/2 and Pihda1 Regenerated lines of Pidcl1, Piago1/2 and Pihda1 showed an obvious sporulation |
Vetukuri et al. (2011a, b) | ||
| Cutinase | Significant resistance against the pathogen in the RNAi plants, as evident from reduced foliar disease symptoms | Niblett and Bailey (2012) | ||
| Cellulose synthase A2 (PiCESA2) | P. infestans encountered difficulty in establishing the infection process but the few spores that managed to penetrate the mesophyll cells continued to colonize the leaves, thus leading to. ‘incomplete’ inhibition | Jahan et al. (2015) | ||
| Pectinesterase (PiPEC) | P. infestans encountered difficulty in establishing the infection process but the few spores that managed to penetrate the mesophyll cells continued to colonize the leaves, thus leading to. ‘incomplete’ inhibition | Jahan et al. (2015) | ||
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PiGAPDH) | P. infestans encountered difficulty in establishing the infection process but the few spores that managed to penetrate the mesophyll cells continued to colonize the leaves, thus leading to. ‘incomplete’ inhibition | Jahan et al. (2015) | ||
| P. parasitica var. nicotianae | A coding gene considered to be involved in cellulose-binding (CB), elicitor (E) of defence in plants and lectin (L)-like activities (CBEL) | Silenced transformants showed reduced attachment to cellulosic surfaces and cell wall thickening | Gaulin et al. (2002) | |
| Glycine max (Soybean) | P. sojae | Heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit (PsGPA1) |
Silenced PsGPA1 lines had abnormal zoospore chemotaxis, encystment and germination Silenced transformants were unable to infect soybean |
Hua et al. (2008) |
| C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor (PsCZF1) |
Hyphal growth rate of silenced transformants was reduced about 50% and oospore production, zoospore and cyst germination were impaired Silenced strains lost virulence in soybean |
Wang et al. (2009) | ||
| MAP kinase encoding gene (PsSAK1) |
Silenced transformants showed faster encystment, reduced germination rate and longer germtubes compared with wild type Transformants were unable to colonize wounded and unwounded soybean leaves |
Li et al. (2010) | ||
| Putative seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR11) |
Zoospore release from sporangia was drastically impaired as well as zoospore encystment and germination Silenced transformants lost pathogenicity to soybean |
Wang et al. (2010) | ||
| PsYKT6, a conserved member gene of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) |
Silencing of PsYKT6 revealed involment of this gene in asexual development, sexual reproduction and pathogenesis on soybean cultivars Antisense constructs were stable in all three transformants |
Zhao et al. (2011) | ||
| Crinkling-and necrosis-inducing proteins (CRN) (PsCRN63 and PsCRN115) | Silenced transformants were unable to suppress host cell death | Liu et al. (2011) | ||
| Cutinase | Significant resistance against the pathogen in the RNAi plants, as evident from reduced foliar disease symptoms | Niblett and Bailey (2012) | ||
| Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) | Phytophthora nicotianae, | Cutinase | Significant resistance against the pathogen in the RNAi plants, as evident from reduced foliar disease symptoms | Niblett and Bailey (2012) |
| Peronospora tabacina | Cutinase | Significant resistance against the pathogen in the RNAi plants, as evident from reduced foliar disease symptoms | Niblett and Bailey (2012) | |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis | HpasRNAs | Reduced disease level | Dunker et al. (2020) |