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. 2021 May 5;8:675339. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.675339

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Copyright © 2021 Rafeek, Sikder, Hamlin, Andronicos, McMillan, Sriprakash and Ketheesan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Procedures for the induction of carditis and neurobehavioral changes in Lewis rats. (A) Carditis, valvulitis and neurobehavioral changes can be induced by injection of Lewis rats with GAS antigens followed by Bordetella pertussis toxin injection and booster injection of GAS antigens. (B) Antibody and T cell response can be assessed in brain, heart and knee joints following injection of GAS antigens. (C) Standard behavioral tests to assess neurobehavioral changes following exposure to GAS antigens. (D) ECG and ECHO changes will demonstrate impairment cardiac function. (E) Characteristic mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocardium and valvular tissue (arrows) can be demonstrated in the histological sections of cardiac tissue from rats injected with GAS antigens. (F) IgG deposition can be demonstrated in sections of brain following incubation with sera from rats exposed to GAS antigens. CFA, Complete Freund's Adjuvant; IFA, Complete Freund's Adjuvant; PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline; GAS rM5, Recombinant M5 protein of Group A streptococcus; ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Th, Helper T-cell; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; IFN, Interferon; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IL, interleukin; MNC, Mononuclear Cell.