Table 2.
Characteristics and physiological parameters of survivors and non-survivors with severe COVID-19 on admission (after matching)
| Variables | Survivors (n = 296) | Non-survivors (n = 516) | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Age, years | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 70 (62–78) | 61 (51–70) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 187 (63.2) | 293 (56.8) | 0.075 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.307 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.19) |
| Female | 109 (36.8) | 223 (43.2) | ||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 7 (2.4) | 20 (3.9) | 0.248 | 0.60 (0.25, 1.44) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 13 (4.4) | 14 (2.7) | 0.179 | 1.69 (0.78, 3.64) | 0.981 | 1.01 (0.39, 2.62) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 62 (20.9) | 60 (11.6) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.39, 3.02) | 0.003 | 1.98 (1.21, 3.25) |
| Hypertension | 115 (38.9) | 155 (30.0) | 0.007 | 1.51 (1.12, 2.05) | 0.258 | 0.78 (0.51, 1.20) |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 46 (15.5) | 56 (10.9) | 0.044 | 1.54 (1.01, 2.34) | 0.322 | 0.75 (0.43, 1.32) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (3.4) | 15 (2.9) | 0.684 | 1.18 (0.53, 2.67) | 0.615 | 0.73 (0.22, 2.47) |
| Chronic liver disease | 8 (2.7) | 17 (3.3) | 0.668 | 0.83 (0.35, 1.95) | 0.212 | 0.49 (0.16, 1.50) |
| Stroke | 22 (7.4) | 26 (5.0) | 0.150 | 1.54 (0.85, 2.76) | 0.386 | 1.13 (0.53, 2.41) |
| Malignancy | 15 (5.1) | 12 (2.3) | 0.033 | 2.27 (1.05, 4.93) | 0.361 | 1.63 (0.57, 4.64) |
| Immunosuppression | 12 (4.1) | 16 (3.1) | 0.447 | 1.34 (0.63, 2.88) | 0.764 | 0.85 (0.29, 2.46) |
| Tuberculosis | 6 (2.0) | 5 (1.0) | 0.333 | 2.15 (0.65, 7.11) | ||
| Signs and symptoms at admission, n (%) | ||||||
| Fever | 236 (79.7) | 387 (75.0) | 0.053 | 1.42 (0.99, 2.02) | 0.072 | 1.57 (0.96, 2.57) |
| Cough | 229 (77.4) | 387 (75.0) | 0.308 | 1.23 (0.87, 1.74) | ||
| Sputum production | 134 (45.3) | 210 (40.7) | 0.140 | 1.24 (0.93, 1.66) | ||
| Dyspnoea | 214 (72.3) | 330 (64.0) | 0.006 | 1.56 (1.14, 2.14) | ||
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | ||||||
| None | 85(28.7) | 111 (21.5) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.43) | 0.036 | 0.77 (0.60, 0.98) |
| Nasal cannula | 145 (50.0) | 373 (72.3) | ||||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 33 (11.1) | 12 (2.3) | ||||
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 18 (6.1) | 10 (1.9) | ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 6 (2.0) | 6 (1.2) | ||||
| ECMO | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||||
| SOFA score | 3 (2–5) | 2 (2–3) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.46, 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.31, 1.81) |
| APACHE Ⅱ score | 9 (7–13) | 6 (4–8) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.18, 1.28) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.18) |
| Laboratory findings, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Systolic pressure | 131 (120, 144) | 128 (119, 140) | 0.046 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.431 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Leucocytes (/109/L) | 8.6 (5.8–12.9) | 6.2 (4.3–9.8) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.09, 1.18) | ||
| Lymphocytes (/109/L) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | ||
| CD3 (/μL) | 353 (244–370) | 510 (345–655) | 0.034 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| CD4 (/μL) | 207 (145–243) | 282 (166–409) | 0.067 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| CD8 (/μL) | 124 (78–218) | 157 (113–250) | 0.077 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | ||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 126 (115–135) | 124 (113–134) | 0.463 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Platelets (109/L) | 166 (114–226) | 174 (134–224) | 0.064 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Prothrombin time (s) | 12.0 (11.3–13.3) | 11.5 (10.9–12.8) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | ||
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (s) | 29.2 (24.6–35.4) | 30.3 (26.2–35.3) | 0.145 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | ||
| Thrombin time (s) | 16.8 (15.7–18.2) | 16.6 (15.7–17.9) | 0.380 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | ||
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 2.1 (0.8–11.4) | 0.7 (0.5–1.6) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.05, 1.10) | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 14.0 (10.6–18.5) | 12.7 (9.4–16.1) | 0.007 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 32.0 (21.0–48.0) | 29.0 (19.0–42.0) | 0.074 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 43.0 (31.0–58.0) | 35.0 (25.0–48.0) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 29.8 (26.9–32.6) | 34.1 (30.4–37.7) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.84, 0.9) | ||
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 76.7 (63.0–99.9) | 68.0 (56.4–87.0) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 151.0 (82.0–330.0) | 97.0 (54.0–174.0) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (U/L) | 16.9 (12.0–22.0) | 13.0 (10.0–17.0) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 93.8 (53.1–145.6) | 43.7 (18.2–73.2) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | ||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 10.7 (8.0–13.9) | 9.0 (7.0–11.5) | 0.872 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | ||
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.16 (0.09–0.44) | 0.07 (0.05–0.14) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.18) | ||
| Radiological findings, n (%) | ||||||
| Abnormalities | ||||||
| Ground-glass opacity | 95 (32.1) | 354 (68.6) | 0.501 | 1.78 (0.52, 6.15) | ||
| Pulmonary consolidation | 50 (16.9) | 46 (8.9) | <0.001 | 7.43 (4.50, 12.27) | ||
| Pulmonary interstitial abnormalities | 50 (16.9) | 220 (42.6) | 0.165 | 0.73 (0.47, 1.14) | ||
| Pneumothorax | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | |||
| Pleural effusion | 5 (1.7) | 15 (2.9) | 0.845 | 1.29 (0.46, 3.63) | ||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Antiviral treatment | 167 (56.4) | 396 (76.7) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.29, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.21-0.48) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 153 (51.7) | 253 (49.0) | 0.466 | 1.11 (0.84, 1.48) | 0.481 | 0.85 (0.54, 1.34) |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 195 (65.9) | 282 (54.7) | 0.002 | 1.60 (1.19, 2.15) | <0.001 | 3.00 (1.91, 4.70) |
IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; IQR, interquartile range; APACHEII, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.