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. 2021 May 18;11:10548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89981-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Samd1 facilitates LDL oxidation and foam cell formation. (A) VSMCs stimulated with PDGF-BB were further transfected with Samd1 shRNA or NTC and cultured with LDL, membrane Samd1 and ApoB were analyzed by western blot. Cadherin serves as a loading control. (B) VSMCs treated with PDGF-BB and miR-378c inhibitor were further transfected with Samd1 shRNA or NTC and cultured with LDL, membrane Samd1 and ApoB were analyzed by western blot. Cadherin serves as a loading control. (C) VSMCs were stimulated with PDGF-BB and cultured with LDL. TBARS assay showing oxLDL formation. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 4. *P < 0.05 as compared with non-PDGF treated group. (D) VSMCs treated with PDGF-BB and miR-378c inhibitor were further transfected with Samd1 shRNA or NTC and cultured with LDL, followed by TBARS assay analysis of oxLDL formation. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 4. *P < 0.05 as compared between the indicated group. (E) Correlation between blood oxLDL level and blood Samd1 protein level. n = 30. Statistical significance was determined by the chi-square test. (F,G) VSMCs stimulated with PDGF-BB were further transfected with Samd1 shRNA or NTC and cultured with LDL, supernatants were collected and added to mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to induce foam cells formation. Oil red positive cells were counted. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 4. *P < 0.05 as compared PDGF-treated NTC group. (H) Supernatants from panel (E) were collected and added to BMDM to induce foam cells formation. Oil red positive cells were counted. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 4. *P < 0.05 as compared between the indicated group.