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. 2021 May 18;11:10469. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90010-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Meniscal volume and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content is reduced after spaceflight. (a) Representative 3D reconstructions of medial menisci used for biometric analysis, with arrows identifying the respective anterior and posterior horns. (b) Meniscal volume measurements were lower in FLIGHT compared to controls (n = 10/group). (c) GAG content determined via a dimethylmethylene blue assay was not significantly lower in RR9 FLIGHT vs controls (n = 10/group). (d) GAG content from menisci harvested from the right and left knees (side identified in each plot) of mice flown on STS-135 were significantly (Left, n = 12–14/group) or marginally (Right, n = 8/group) lower than Ground Control. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. Scale bar = 100 µm.