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. 2021 May 18;12:2935. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23244-3

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, b Size distribution and morphology of nanoparticles (a) and microparticles (b) containing encapsulated OVA and Riboxxim were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scale bars, 1000 nm. SEM images were acquired from three different particle batches with similar results. c C57BL/6J mice were immunized with nanoparticles (NP, black dots) or microparticles (MP, gray squares) charged with OVA protein (250 µg/mouse) and Riboxxim (2.5 µg/mouse) via the intraperitoneal (i.p., n = 8 for NP, n = 5 for MP), intramuscular (i.m., n = 10 for NP, n = 10 for MP), intranodal (i.nd., n = 9 for NP, n = 9 for MP), or subcutaneous (s.c., n = 9 for NP, n = 9 for MP) route demonstrating the latter as most efficient. Six days post-immunization, an intracellular cytokine staining for IFNγ⁺ of CD8⁺ splenocytes was performed and analyzed via flow cytometry. Statistics: two-way ANOVA followed by Šídák’s multiple comparisons test with ns, not significant. Data are presented as means ± SD and represent pooled data from three independent experiments. d A representative dot plot showing the frequency of IFNγ⁺CD8⁺ splenocytes for indicated treatment groups.