Table 2.
Associations between loneliness and HCU including adjustment for health and health behaviors.
| Adjusted for health and health behaviors | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP visits (count) | N | IRR | 95% CI | P-value | n | Adjusted IRR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| 1 | UCLA score | 4,637 | 1.10 | (1.08–1.12) | <0.001** | 2,466 | 1.03 | (1.01–1.05) | 0.013* |
| Men: | 2,144 | 1.10 | (1.07–1.13) | <0.001** | 1,185 | 1.03 | (0.99–1.06) | 0.143 | |
| Women: | 2,493 | 1.10 | (1.07–1.13) | <0.001** | 1,281 | 1.03 | (1.00–1.05) | 0.056 | |
| 2 | UCLA Threshold | 4,669 | 1.35 | (1.25–1.46) | <0.001** | 2,479 | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 0.404 |
| Men: | 2,160 | 1.31 | (1.17–1.47) | <0.001** | 1,193 | 0.97 | (0.85–1.11) | 0.649 | |
| Women: | 2,509 | 1.39 | (1.26–1.53) | <0.001** | 1,286 | 1.10 | (0.98–1.23) | 0.091 | |
| 3 | Direct Item | 4,767 | 1.49 | (1.37–1.61) | <0.001** | 2,510 | 1.05 | (0.96–1.16) | 0.294 |
| Men: | 2,210 | 1.57 | (1.38–1.79) | <0.001** | 1,211 | 1.03 | (0.89–1.21) | 0.665 | |
| Women: | 2,557 | 1.44 | (1.30–1.59) | <0.001** | 1,299 | 1.06 | (0.94–1.19) | 0.352 | |
| ED visits (count) | N | IRR | 95% CI | P-value | n | Adjusted IRR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| 1 | UCLA score | 4,669 | 1.16 | (1.11–1.22) | <0.001** | 2,476 | 1.03 | (0.96–1.09) | 0.411 |
| Men: | 2,152 | 1.15 | (1.09–1.22) | <0.001** | 1,192 | 0.99 | (0.92–1.08) | 0.922 | |
| Women: | 2,517 | 1.18 | (1.11–1.25) | <0.001** | 1,284 | 1.07 | (0.98–1.17) | 0.130 | |
| 2 | UCLA Threshold | 4,700 | 1.56 | (1.29–1.89) | <0.001** | 2,489 | 0.95 | (0.75–1.21) | 0.674 |
| Men: | 2,168 | 1.39 | (1.08–1.78) | 0.010* | 1,200 | 0.86 | (0.61–1.22) | 0.405 | |
| Women: | 2,532 | 1.75 | (1.36–2.25) | <0.001** | 1,289 | 1.12 | (0.84–1.49) | 0.444 | |
| 3 | Direct Item | 4,802 | 1.98 | (1.63–2.39) | <0.001** | 2,520 | 1.23 | (0.97–1.54) | 0.083 |
| Men: | 2,219 | 2.01 | (1.56–2.58) | <0.001** | 1,218 | 1.21 | (0.85–1.73) | 0.289 | |
| Women: | 2,583 | 1.93 | (1.49–2.51) | <0.001** | 1,302 | 1.23 | (0.92–1.66) | 0.168 | |
| ED visit (1 or more) | N | ORR | 95% CI | P-value | n | Adjusted ORR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| 1 | UCLA score | 4,680 | 1.13 | (1.09–1.17) | <0.001** | 2,479 | 1.02 | (0.96–1.09) | 0.457 |
| Men: | 2,155 | 1.13 | (1.07–1.19) | <0.001** | 1,192 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.10) | 0.924 | |
| Women: | 2,525 | 1.14 | (1.07–1.20) | <0.001** | 1,287 | 1.04 | (0.96–1.13) | 0.349 | |
| 2 | UCLA Threshold | 4,712 | 1.38 | (1.18–1.61) | <0.001** | 2,492 | 0.98 | (0.77–1.26) | 0.889 |
| Men: | 2,171 | 1.31 | (1.04–1.66) | 0.021* | 1,200 | 0.99 | (0.69–1.43) | 0.971 | |
| Women: | 2,541 | 1.44 | (1.17–1.76) | 0.001* | 1,292 | 0.99 | (0.70–1.38) | 0.933 | |
| 3 | Direct Item | 4,813 | 1.51 | (1.2–1.78) | <0.001** | 2,523 | 1.05 | (0.81–1.36) | 0.700 |
| Men: | 2,222 | 1.65 | (1.28–2.12) | <0.001** | 1,218 | 1.07 | (0.70–1.63) | 0.762 | |
| Women: | 2,591 | 1.44 | (1.17–1.77) | 0.001* | 1,305 | 1.08 | (0.77–1.52) | 0.666 | |
All models adjusted for age, sex, education, and marital status. * < .05; ** < .001.