Table 3.

Summary of the evidence: rtCGM and isCGM impact on psychological outcomes in children (and parents/caregivers where specified).

References	Device	Distress diabetes burden	Diabetes family conflicts	Depression	Anxiety	Fear/worry of hypo	Sleep quality	Alarm fatigue	QoL/well-being	Satisfaction
Al Hayek et al. (44)	isCGM	↓
Boucher et al. (45)	isCGM	↓	↓
Boucher et al. (46)	isCGM	↓ ↓parents	↓						↑parents
Vesco et al. (47)	rtCGM	↓ ↓parents
Erie et al. (48)	rtCGM	↓caregivers								↑caregivers
Barnard et al. (49)	rtCGM	↓parents/caregivers					↓parents/caregivers		↑partners more than parents/caregivers
Kashmer et al. (50)	rtCGM	↓parents
Burckhardt et al. (51)	rtCGM	↓parents	↓		↓parents	↓parents	↑parents		↑parents
Beck et al. (14)	rtCGM	– –caregivers				– – caregivers			–caregivers	↑ ↑parents
Giani et al. (13)	rtCGM	– – caregivers	Device: Guardian™ Sensor 3, Medtronic 640G (100%)			– – caregivers			–caregivers
Markowitz et al. (52)	rtCGM	↓ ↑	–	↑adults	↑ ↓adults	– –adults
Messer et al. (53)	rtCGM	↓ ↑	–	–				↑
Pickup et al. (54)	rtCGM	↓ ↑				↓	↑parents	↓ ↑ parents	↑
Telo et al. (55)	rtCGM		↓						↑
Ng et al. (56)	rtCGM				↓	↓ ↓parents			↑ ↑parents
Burckhardt et al. (57)	rtCGM					– ↓parents	↑parents			↑ ↑parents
Jaser et al. (58)	rtCGM					↓parents	–
Al Hayek et al. (59)	isCGM					↓			↑
Mauras et al. (6)	rtCGM					–parents				↑parents
Laffel et al. (60)	rtCGM	–				–	–			↑
Lawton et al. (61)	rtCGM						↑ ↑parents	↑ ↓		↑
Sinisterra et al. (62)	rtCGM						↑ ↓parents		↑
Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group (63)	rtCGM	–			–			↑	–	–
Al Hayek et al. (64)	isCGM								↑
Pintus et al. (65)	isCGM								↑ ↑parents

↓, reduced; ↑, increased; –, no variation; ↑↓, heterogeneity in the response.