Figure 4.

Analysis of hepatic diabetes-related parameters. A-C) Western blot protein analysis of phosphorylated and total Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (pIRS and IRS, respectively), and of the Protein Kinase B (AKT) and its phosphorylated form pAKT. D-H) Gene expression analysis of the glucose transporter GLUT2 (D), of the de novo lipogenesis-related genes LPIN1 (E) and ACC1 (F) and of gluconeogenesis-related genes FBP (G) and PEPCK (H). I) Hepatic free glucose levels were analyzed by GC–MS and normalized against wet tissue weight. Gene expression values were normalized to the housekeeping gene β-actin (ACTB). Six or more mice per group were analyzed. All data are reported as mean ± SEM. Student's t-test p-value: ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.