Table 3.

Summary of the main histological evidences, molecular traits and differential expression of genes triggering and related to the development of hypoxia in Pectoralis major muscles exhibiting myopathic conditions.

Main findings	References
Histological evidences
neovascularization (i.e., presence of tubular structures)	Sihvo et al., 2017
mitochondrial hyperplasia and ultrastructural modifications, sarcoplasmic reticulum enlargement	Sihvo et al., 2018
phlebitis and venous damage	Papah et al., 2017; Papah et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Lake et al., 2020
Molecular traits
↑ synthesis of nitric oxide, ↑ taurine content,	Boerboom et al., 2018
↑ long- and ↑ medium-chain fatty acids	Soglia et al., 2016a; Boerboom et al., 2018; Gratta et al., 2019
Gene expression
↑ HIF-1 alpha and ↑ HIF-1-dependent genes involved in ECM remodeling, glycolytic pathway, energy metabolism, angiogenesis and apoptosis	Mutryn et al., 2015; Malila et al., 2019; Marchesi et al., 2019; Bordini et al., 2021
↑ genes in response to ROS	Zambonelli et al., 2016

Abbreviations: ECM, extracellular matrix; ROS, reactive oxygen species.