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. 2021 May 18;12:2928. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23250-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a AFM images of three Y-shaped backbone-rigidified triangular DNA brick (YTDB-a, YTDB-b, and YTDB-c). Inset: magnified AFM images of YTDB-a. Scare bar is 50 nm. b Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and c agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the stepwise assembly of siRNA/Ap-CS. The red bands indicate the naked or DNA functionalized AuNPs. These experiments were conducted three times independently with similar results. d Zeta potential analysis of four nanostructures in panel c mentioned by DLS. The error bar represents the standard deviation (SD). The measured data are expressed as the means ± SD (n = 3). e AFM images of naked-AuNPs and siRNA/Ap-CS. Middle panel: expanded view of a typical CS nanoparticle. Scare bar is 150 nm. Right panel: cross-section profiles of naked-AuNPs and siRNA/Ap-CS taken along the white line in the left AFM images. f UV−vis absorption spectrum of naked-AuNPs (black line) and siRNA/Ap-CS (red line). g Photographed image of siRNA/Ap-CS solution.