Table 1.
Summary of analysed literature.
| Category | Authors | Publication year | Key takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Logishetty et al. | 2019 | Using education of total hip arthroplasty with an AR headset as a feasible and valuable training tool as an adjunct to expert guidance in the OR |
| Education | Condino et al. | 2018 | Head mounted device is used to project and find targets on 3D printed mannequins, to improve education of total hip arthroplasty |
| Education | Pratt et al. | 2018 | AR can assist accurate identification of anatomical landmarks |
| Education | Pulijala et al. | 2017 | VR Surgery is highly useful for surgical trainees as a visualisation aid and for senior surgeons as a practice-based learning tool |
| Education | Armstrong et al. | 2014 | Google glass device used intraoperatively to improve communication, safety and efficiency of intraoperative and clinical care |
| Education | Ponce et al. | 2014 | Combining real-time AR and HUD (Google glass) in surgery enabled local surgeon to interact with remote surgeon within the local surgical field |
| General Orthopaedic | Chytas et al. | 2019 | Preclinical and clinical studies of AR in orthopaedic surgery could lead to improved surgical accuracy and decreased radiation exposure |
| General Orthopaedic | Fotouhi et al. | 2019 | Collaborative AR used to jointly co-localize a C-arm x-ray and a HUD has the potential to simplify hand-eye coordination for surgeons |
| General Orthopaedic | Ewurum et al. | 2018 | Surgical navigation systems using AR in orthopaedic surgery may enable precise decision-making in the OR by integrating surgical planning, instrument tracking and intraoperative imaging |
| General Orthopaedic | Gordon et al. | 2018 | Mixed reality and AR systems superimposing computer-generated images on a visual field could aid orthopaedic practice |
| General Orthopaedic | Ma et al. | 2018 | Integral videography based AR navigation in orthopaedics can improve hand-eye coordination for surgeons and enable greater ease of operating |
| General Orthopaedic | Smith et al. | 2016 | Improvements in localization, microsurgery and minimally invasive surgery have been made viable through navigational advancements |
| General Orthopaedic | Chang et al. | 2016 | HUD can improve perioperative care, intraoperative communication and documentation, surgical outcome as well as surgical training |
| General Orthopaedic | Pauly et al. | 2015 | R technology can support surgeons in the challenging task of understanding the spatial relationships between the anatomy, the implants and their tools |
| General Orthopaedic | Gavaghan et al. | 2012 | Portable image overlay used to display information on models, patients' skin and cadaver tissue could be an alternative to monitor displays for visualisation of surgical navigation data |
| Pelvis | Alexander et al. | 2020 | AR camera projecting CT results into a hip socket versus standard fluoroscopy during total hip arthroplasty showed more accurate positioning of the implant and was faster and easier to use |
| Pelvis | Fotouhi et al. | 2019 | Developing spatially aware visualisations of an object in an AR environment can pave the way for improving surgical performance and visuo-motor coordination in fluoroscopy-guided surgery |
| Pelvis | Lei et al. | 2019 | Superimposing an anatomical holograph of a 3D image onto a pelvic structure during total hip arthroplasty was feasibly demonstrated |
| Pelvis | Andress et al. | 2018 | A head mounted device and c-arm relying on visual marker for registration is used to enable real-time AR and maintain accuracy whilst reducing radiation and procedure time |
| Pelvis | El-Hariri et al. | 2018 | CT and ultrasound data of bone structure is used to generated 3D visualisation of a surgical scene via a HUD which may improve operator ergonomics, reduce fatigue and simplify hand-eye coordination |
| Pelvis | Liu et al. | 2018 | Using AR assistance and an automatic registration and limb tracking system to locate and drill holes during hip surgery may provide a more natural surgical workflow and seamless computer assistance |
| Pelvis | Ogawa et al. | 2018 | AR system to view an acetabular cup (reconstructed from CT) superimposed on a surgical field provided more accurate information regarding acetabular cup placement angle than the conventional method |
| Pelvis | Oliveira et al. | 2018 | AR allows the surgeon to represent holographic patient-specific anatomical information and surgical instruments in the physical world |
| Pelvis | Unberath et al. | 2018 | Head mounted device used to reposition c-arm with clinically acceptable accuracy can reduce radiation exposure |
| Pelvis | Fischer et al. | 2016 | Comparing the performance of surgeons and their task load using three different mixed reality systems during K-wire placements showed 3D visualisation to improve accuracy and efficiency |
| Spine | Auloge et al. | 2020 | AR/AI-guided percutaneous vertebroplasty appears feasible, accurate and safe and reduced radiation exposure |
| Spine | Edstrom et al. | 2020 | Radiation exposure during pedicle screw placement surgery in a theatre with AR navigation and cone beam CT imaging showed significant reduction with use |
| Spine | Saylany et al. | 2020 | Using a HUD to view x-rays intraoperatively can improve efficiency in surgical workflow and decrease disruption of focus |
| Spine | Carl et al. | 2019 | A microscope-based AR environment was successfully implemented for spinal surgery |
| Spine | Carl et al. | 2019 | Reliable microscope-based AR support is possible because of automatic registration based on intraoperative imaging |
| Spine | Gibby et al. | 2019 | HUD used CT images to guide vertebroplasty in opaque lumbar models to enhance surgical navigation and visualisation |
| Spine | Yoo et al. | 2019 | Both AR and VR offer significant promise in the realm of spine surgery with simulation systems requiring further development |
| Spine | Agten et al. | 2018 | Augmented reality-guided facet joint injections are feasible and accurate without potentially harmful needle placement in an experimental setting |
| Spine | U-Thainual et al. | 2014 | MRI-guided vertebroplasty using AR image overlay navigation in human cadavers feasibly allows accurate access and cement deposition |
| Spine | Abe et al. | 2013 | AR guidance technology can become a useful assistive device during spine surgeries requiring percutaneous procedures |
| Spine | U-Thainual et al. | 2013 | Needle insertion on a model using MRI-overlay system (MR-IOS) guidance allows accurate needle placement and is technically efficacious |
| Spine | Traub et al. | 2006 | Trauma surgeons perform a drilling task using different visualizations of an AR system to good effect |
| Trauma | von Ruden et al. | 2019 | 3D and AR techniques used in trauma surgery may improve surgical complex fracture care |
| Trauma | von de Heide et al. | 2017 | Camera augmented C-arm was compared with traditional C-arms showing reduction in radiation exposure whilst keeping similar surgical times |
| Trauma | Chimenti et al. | 2015 | HUD use resulted in reduced operating time and radiation exposure compared to traditional techniques |
| Trauma | Zheng et al. | 2008 | A 3D image is formed from c-arm data to create AR images which can be used for minimally invasive osteosynthesis |
| Trauma | Ortega et al. | 2008 | HUD use resulted in significant reduction in the number of times the surgeon left the attention of the operative field and/or may have been exposed to fluoroscopy radiation |