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. 2021 May 19;8(5):201979. doi: 10.1098/rsos.201979

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© 2021 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 4. — Pathways capping RNA with Np₄N cap. (a) RNAP ab initio capping. (b) Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase pathway mediating nucleotidyl transfer dependent on amino acid-AMP covalent intermediate. (i) Formation of an amino acid-AMP intermediate, (ii) charging of tRNA, (iii) production of Np₄A alarmone, (iv) Ap₄N capping of RNA. Symbols as described in figure 1.