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(a) Proposed mechanism for 5′ RNA capping with ADPR by transcription initiation by RNA polymerase. (b) Tpt1-mediated transfer of an internal RNA 2′-monophosphate (2′ p) to NAD+ to form a 2′- OH RNA, ADP-ribose 1″,2″ cyclic phosphate, and nicotinamide [36]. (c) Proposed reaction mechanism for Tpt1-dependent 5′ RNA capping with ADPR. (d) Mechanism of decapping of NADylated RNA by ADP ribosyl cyclase (CD38) producing ADPR-capped RNA. Symbols as described in figure 1.
