Table 2.
Difference between reported number of covid-19 deaths and estimated number of excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020 in 29 high income countries
| Country | Total covid-19 deaths reported* (A) | Total excess deaths estimated† (B) | Difference between excess deaths and reported covid-19 deaths (B–A) | Ratio of excess deaths to reported covid-19 deaths, % (B/A×100) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 339 014 | 458 000 | 118 986 | 135 |
| United Kingdom‡ | 70 860 | 94 400 | 23 540 | 133 |
| Italy | 71 925 | 89 100 | 17 175 | 124 |
| Spain | 49 824 | 84 100 | 34 276 | 169 |
| Poland | 27 118 | 60 100 | 32 982 | 222 |
| France | 62 867 | 43 500 | −19 367 | 69 |
| Germany | 30 297 | 25 900 | −4397 | 85 |
| Belgium | 19 200 | 17 900 | −1300 | 93 |
| Hungary | 9047 | 16 600 | 7553 | 183 |
| Netherlands | 11 090 | 15 300 | 4210 | 138 |
| Czech Republic | 11 044 | 14 400 | 3356 | 130 |
| Sweden | 8279 | 9300 | 1021 | 112 |
| Portugal | 6619 | 8500 | 1881 | 128 |
| Greece | 4606 | 7700 | 3094 | 167 |
| Switzerland | 7210 | 6800 | −410 | 94 |
| Austria | 5881 | 6800 | 919 | 116 |
| Lithuania | 1613 | 6800 | 5187 | 422 |
| Slovakia | 1773 | 4400 | 2627 | 248 |
| South Korea | 819 | 4000 | 3181 | 488 |
| Slovenia | 2565 | 3200 | 635 | 125 |
| Israel | 3226 | 2000 | −1226 | 62 |
| Finland | 524 | 1000 | 476 | 191 |
| Latvia | 559 | 820 | 261 | 147 |
| Estonia | 204 | 670 | 466 | 328 |
| Norway | 421 | −70 | NA | NA |
| Denmark | 1174 | −160 | NA | NA |
| New Zealand | 25 | −2500 | NA | NA |
NA=not applicable.
Reported covid-19 deaths in 2020 (up to 27 December 2020, end of 52nd week). Source: Unified covid-19 dataset maintained by Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/datasets/covid-19/main/data/countries-aggregated.csv).
Total excess deaths estimated from model. Numbers <1000 are rounded to nearest ten; numbers between 1000 and <100 000 are rounded to nearest hundred, and numbers ≥100 000 are rounded to nearest thousand.
Total number of excess deaths in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. See supplementary methods for simpler explanation of discrepancies between reported covid-19 deaths and estimated excess deaths.