Table 1.
Engineered nanomaterials and their physicochemical properties. *primary particle size was not measurable (below the resolution limits). Modified and reproduced with permission.[ 35 ] Copyright 2020, Wiley
| Particle | Estimated primary size L = µm, D = nm | Z‐potential (in water, [mV]) |
|---|---|---|
| MWCNTcore | L: 0.9–1.2/D: 10–15 | −24 ± 1 |
| MWCNTNH2 | L: 0.6–0.9/D: 10–15 | −21 ± 1 |
| MWCNTCOOH | L: 1.2–1.5/D: 10–15 | −30 ± 2 |
| MWCNTPEG | L: 0.6–0.9/D: 10–15 | −2 ± 1 |
| CuOcore | D: 10–20 | 14.0 ± 1.2 |
| CuONH2 | D: 10–20 | 27.7 ± 0.5 |
| CuOCOOH | D: 10–20 | −7.3 ± 0.5 |
| CuOPEG | D: 10–20 | −16.8 ± 0.4 |
| TiO2score | D: <4 * | 21.5 ± 0.5 |
| TiO2sNH2 | D: <4 * | 14.2 ± 0.9 |
| TiO2sCOOH | D: <4 * | 21.2 ± 1.3 |
| TiO2sPEG | D: <4 * | 41.1 ± 1.5 |
| TiO2rcore | L: 56.5 ± 25.5/D: 4–15 | 16 ± 1 |
| TiO2rNH2 | L: 94.8 ± 43.5/D: 4–15 | 25 ± 3 |
| TiO2rCOOH | L: 77.7 ± 46.6/D: 4–15 | −23 ± 1 |
| TiO2rPEG | L: 69.9 ± 26.7/D: 4–15 | 26 ± 2 |
| AgNR3+ | D: 2–8 and 50–110 | 44.6 ± 1.6 |
| AgCOOH | D: 5–15 | −32.5 ± 1.1 |
| AgPEG | D: 2–5,7–15, and 200–100 | −10.7 ± 0.4 |
| Au5NR3+ | D: 1–8 | 49.0 ± 0.8 |
| Au5COOH | D: 1–4 | −28.8 ± 0.4 |
| Au5PEG | D: 2–6 | −16.5 ± 3 |
| Au20NR3+ | D: 9–20 | 42.8 ± 10 |
| Au20COOH | D: 10–20 and 32–54 | −26 ± 3 |
| Au20PEG | D: 10–18 | −37 ± 3 |
| NDNH2 | D: <4 * | 12 ± 1 |
| NDCOOH | D: <4 * | −18 ± 1 |
| NDPEG | D: <4 * | −5 ± 1 |
#Note, the zeta potential measurement has a size detection limit of 3.8 nm and the values for NDs and spherical TiO2 are at the limits of the instrument with respect to primary particle size. The zeta potential values are shown for completeness. Also, to facilitate measurements, zeta potentials were measured in 10 mm NaCl for MWCNT, NDs, and TiO2 rods. TiO2 spheres were measured at pH 3–4, and CuO at pH 5, in ultrapure water respectively to avoid precipitation at the point of zero charge.