Table 1.
Molecular mechanisms of azole resistant in A. fumigatus described in South America
| Cyp51A aa. Substitutions/Cryptic specie | Country of isolation | Patient/origin | Sample | n | MIC (μg/ml) | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITC | VRC | PSC | ISA | ||||||
| G54E | Argentina | Azole naïve | Cornea | 1 | >8.00 | 0.25 | 0.12 | ND | [91] |
| G54E | Peru | Itraconazole exposure/chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | Undefined respiratory sample | 1 | >16 | 0.50 | 0.06 | ND | [101] |
| M220K | Peru | Itraconazole exposure/chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | Undefined respiratory sample | 1 | >16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ND | [101] |
| TR34-L98H | Argentina | Itraconazole/exposure Cystic fibrosis | Sputum | 2 | >16.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | [53] |
| TR34/L98H | Colombia | Flower fields | Soil | 1 | Grew a | Did not grew a | ND | ND | [56] |
| TR34/L98H | Colombia | Vegetable fields | Soil | 1 | >8.00 | 8.00 | ND | ND | [95] |
| TR34/L98H | Peru | Itraconazole exposure/chronic pulmonary aspergillosis | Undefined respiratory sample | 1 | >16 | 2.00 | 0.50 | ND | [101] |
| TR34/L98H | Brazil | Strain collection | Sputum | 2 | >8.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | ND | [100] |
| TR34/R65K/L98H | Argentina | Itraconazole exposure/cystic fibrosis | Sputum | 1 | >16.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | [53] |
| TR46/Y121F/T289A | Argentina | Voriconazole exposure/acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Brain biopsy | 1 | 8.00 | >16.00 | 0.50 | ND | [92] |
| TR46/Y121F/T289A | Colombia | Flower fields | Soil | 17 | Grew a | Grew a | ND | ND | [56] |
| TR46/Y121F/T289A | Colombia | Vegetable fields | Soil | 8 | 1.00 | >16 | ND | ND | [95] |
| TR53 | Colombia | Flower fields | Soil | 2 | Grew a | Did not grew a | ND | ND | [56] |
| TR53 | Colombia | Vegetable fields | Soil | 1 | >8.00 | 4.00 | ND | ND | [95] |
| Wild type | Brazil | Strain collection | Undefined | 4 | ND | 2.00 | ND | ND | [83] |
| Wild type | Colombia | Flower fields | Soil | 1 | Grew a | Did not grew a | ND | ND | [56] |
| A. calidoustus | Brazil | Clinical sample | Undefined | 1 | >32 | 4.00 | 4.00 | ND | [44] |
| A. ochraceous | Brazil | Clinical sample | Undefined | 1 | 4.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | ND | [44] |
| A. thermomutatus | Brazil | Clinical sample | Undefined | 1 | 2.00 | 16.00 | 0.50 | ND | [44] |
| A. lentulus | Brazil | Kidney transplantation | Respiratory | 1 | 2.00 | 4.00 | ND | ND | [99] |
| A. lentulus | Argentina | Kidney transplantation | Respiratory | 1 | ND | 2.00 | ND | ND | [97] |
MIC minimal inhibitory concentration; ITC itraconazole; VRC voriconazole; PSC posaconazole; ISA isavuconazole; MCZ miconazole; ND no data available
aNo antifungal susceptibility testing assays were performed. These strains were isolated in ITC- and VRC-containing agar plates and were classified as able or not able to growth in those plates