Table 1.
Baseline preconception characteristics of women who provided a primary outcome
| Control (n = 290) | Intervention (n = 295) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 30.14 (3.30) | 30.53 (3.40) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.75 (21.34–27.5) | 23.65 (21.16–26.23) |
| Overweight* | 68 (23.5) | 89 (30.3) |
| Obese* | 61 (21.0) | 40 (13.6) |
| Ethnic origin | ||
| White Caucasian | 167 (57.6) | 180 (61.0) |
| Chinese | 73 (25.2) | 72 (24.4) |
| South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) | 15 (5.2) | 15 (5.1) |
| Malay | 12 (4.1) | 11 (3.7) |
| Other (mixed, Black, Polynesian) | 23 (7.9) | 17 (5.8) |
| Site | ||
| New Zealand† | 116 (40.0) | 113 (38.3) |
| Singapore | 82 (28.3) | 84 (28.5) |
| U.K.‡ | 92 (31.7) | 98 (33.2) |
| Nulliparous | 200 (69.0) | 171 (58.0) |
| Smoker | 12 (4.2) | 12 (4.1) |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes | 79 (27.2) | 56 (19.1) |
| Household income quintile | ||
| 5 (lowest) | 5 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) |
| 4 | 20 (6.9) | 24 (8.1) |
| 3 | 69 (23.8) | 54 (18.3) |
| 2 | 95 (32.8) | 109 (37.0) |
| 1 (highest) | 91 (31.4) | 92 (31.2) |
| Not available | 10 (3.5) | 14 (4.8) |
| Preconception plasma glucose (OGTT) (mmol/L) | ||
| Fasting | 4.85 (4.52–5.18) | 4.85 (4.63–5.18) |
| 30 min | 7.81 (6.71–8.90) | 7.70 (6.60–9.01) |
| 2 h | 5.40 (4.41–6.38) | 5.51 (4.63–6.27) |
Data are mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or n (%).
*
Defined using ethnic-specific thresholds for overweight and obesity: BMI ≥23 to <27.5 and ≥27.5 kg/m2, respectively, for Asians, including Chinese, Indians, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Malay, mixed Asian; BMI ≥25 to <30 and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively, for non-Asians, including White Caucasian, Polynesian, Black, mixed Asian-non-Asian.
†
72.9% White Caucasian, 16.6% any Asian, 10.5% other.
‡
94.8% White Caucasian, 2.6% any Asian, 2.6% other.