Table 2.
Associations of newborn measures with childhood anthropometric measures
| Childhood outcome | Model 1: Adjusted mean difference (95% CI, P) | Model 2: Adjusted mean difference (95% CI, P) |
|---|---|---|
| Newborn sum of skinfolds z-score | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.52 (0.39–0.66, <0.001) | 0.26 (0.12–0.39, <0.001) |
| BMI z-score | 0.15 (0.11–0.18, <0.001) | 0.072 (0.033–0.11, <0.001) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 0.96 (0.71–1.22, <0.001) | 0.51 (0.26–0.76, <0.001) |
| Percentage body fat (%) | 1.16 (0.83–1.50, <0.001) | 0.61 (0.27–0.95, <0.001) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 2.35 (1.64–3.060, <0.001) | 1.14 (0.43–1.86, 0.0017) |
| Newborn fat mass z-score | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.59 (0.45–0.73, <0.001) | 0.29 (0.15–0.43, <0.001) |
| BMI z-score | 0.19 (0.15–0.23, <0.001) | 0.11 (0.073–0.15, <0.001) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 0.86 (0.59–1.12, <0.001) | 0.34 (0.085–0.60, 0.009) |
| Percentage body fat (%) | 0.90 (0.56–1.25, <0.001) | 0.29 (−0.057–0.64, 0.10) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 1.50 (0.77–2.23, <0.001) | 0.14 (−0.58–0.87, 0.70) |
| Newborn birth weight z-score | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.67 (0.52–0.82, <0.001) | 0.32 (0.17–0.47, <0.001) |
| BMI z-score | 0.23 (0.18–0.27, <0.001) | 0.13 (0.088–0.17, <0.001) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 1.070 (0.79–1.35, <0.001) | 0.48 (0.20–0.76, <0.001) |
| Percentage of body fat (%) | 1.080 (0.71–1.46, <0.001) | 0.34 (−0.037–0.72, 0.077) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 1.74 (0.96–2.52, <0.001) | 0.12 (−0.67–0.90, 0.77) |
| Newborn birth weight-for-length z-score | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.26 (0.15–0.36, <0.001) | 0.14 (0.036–0.24, 0.0077) |
| BMI z-score | 0.095 (0.065–0.13, <0.001) | 0.061 (0.032–0.091, <0.001) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 0.13 (−0.068–0.32, 0.20) | −0.077 (−0.27–0.11, 0.43) |
| Percentage of body fat (%) | 0.097 (−0.16–0.36, 0.47) | −0.15 (−0.40–0.11, 0.25) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 0.35 (−0.19–0.89, 0.21) | −0.16 (−0.69–0.37, 0.55) |
| Newborn log cord C-peptide z-score | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.33 (0.20–0.46, <0.001) | 0.14 (0.011–0.26, 0.033) |
| BMI z-score | 0.088 (0.051–0.12, <0.001) | 0.035 (−0.0019–0.071, 0.063) |
| Fat mass (kg) | 0.58 (0.35–0.81, <0.001) | 0.25 (0.021–0.48, 0.033) |
| Percentage of body fat (%) | 0.82 (0.50–1.13, <0.001) | 0.41 (0.093–0.72, 0.011) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 1.72 (1.060–2.37, <0.001) | 0.85 (0.19–1.51, 0.011) |
All adjusted mean differences in childhood anthropometric measures are reported for each newborn measure higher by 1 SD. Model 1: field center, child’s sex, maternal gestational age at delivery, maternal age, mean arterial pressure, height, parity, smoking, drinking, and family history of diabetes at pregnancy OGTT. Model 2: Model 1 + maternal glucose sum of z-scores and BMI at pregnancy OGTT.