Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study subjects according to the severity of NAFLD
| Total population (n = 817) | Normal (n = 217) Group 0 | Mild NAFLD (n = 499) Group 1 | Moderate NAFLD (n = 65) Group 2 | Severe NAFLD (n = 36) Group 3 | p value | 0 versus 1 | 0 versus 2 | 0 versus 3 | 1 versus 2 | 1 versus 3 | 2 versus 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 54.207 ± 10.025 | 55.687 ± 10.368 | 53.104 ± 9.831 | 57.015 ± 8.776 | 55.500 ± 10.790 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.018 | 0.978 | 0.999 |
| Gender (male) | 491 (60.2%) | 109 (50.2%) | 310 (62.2%) | 43 (66.2%) | 29 (80.6%) | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.124 | 0.003 | 0.999 | 0.175 | 0.923 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.943 ± 3.833 | 23.421 ± 3.294 | 25.152 ± 3.799 | 26.468 ± 3.238 | 28.419 ± 4.399 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.039 | < 0.0001 | 0.062 |
| Hypertension | 290 (36.1%) | 60 (28.3%) | 179 (36.2%) | 31 (50%) | 20 (57.1%) | 0.001 | 0.257 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.193 | 0.074 | 0.999 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 132 (16.4%) | 18 (8.5%) | 83 (16.7%) | 17 (27.4%) | 14 (41.2%) | < 0.0001 | 0.036 | 0.002 | < 0.0001 | 0.178 | 0.001 | 0.463 |
| Smoking habits | 233 (29.9%) | 55 (26.6%) | 149 (31.2%) | 18 (29.5%) | 11 (34.4%) | 0.621 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
| Pack-year | 8.35 ± 16.714 | 6.67 ± 14.761 | 8.48 ± 16.230 | 11.31 ± 22.162 | 12.07 ± 23.011 | 0.147 | 0.999 | 0.365 | 0.622 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202.125 ± 38.277 | 205.070 ± 39.542 | 202.927 ± 36.990 | 192.934 ± 41.894 | 188.686 ± 38.347 | 0.025 | 0.999 | 0.171 | 0.112 | 0.322 | 0.198 | 0.999 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.852 ± 13.445 | 52.721 ± 14.867 | 46.669 ± 12.814 | 44.279 ± 9.715 | 40.914 ± 9.687 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.999 | 0.073 | 0.999 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.366 ± 31.624 | 121.670 ± 31.440 | 118.033 ± 30.795 | 122.483 ± 36.765 | 118.714 ± 35.029 | 0.455 | 0.958 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 144.561 ± 91.717 | 112.140 ± 60.813 | 153.131 ± 86.891 | 157.410 ± 96.694 | 200.114 ± 196.220 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.003 | < 0.0001 | 0.999 | 0.016 | 0.146 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.009 ± 0.972 | 5.794 ± 0.631 | 6.020 ± 1.046 | 6.362 ± 1.005 | 6.571 ± 1.157 | < 0.0001 | 0.025 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.061 | 0.006 | 0.999 |
| Body-fat percentage | 24.14 ± 7.916 | 23.69 ± 11.644 | 24.12 ± 6.064 | 25.50 ± 5.979 | 24.58 ± 6.125 | 0.485 | 0.999 | 0.758 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.35 ± 28.18 | 83.99 ± 47.70 | 82.73 ± 16.44 | 83.49 ± 14.93 | 87.78 ± 16.62 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 |
| Framingham risk score (%) | 0.018 | 0.477 | 0.134 | 0.062 | 0.998 | 0.378 | 0.999 | |||||
| < 6 | 213 (26.8%) | 69 (32.7%) | 129 (26.3%) | 11 (18.0%) | 4 (11.8%) | |||||||
| ≧ 6 | 583 (73.2%) | 142 (67.3%) | 361 (73.7%) | 50 (82.0%) | 30 (88.2%) | |||||||
| CAC score ≧ 100 | 103 (12.6%) | 24 (11.1%) | 46 (9.2%) | 20 (30.8%) | 13 (37.1%) | < 0.0001 | 0.999 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.999 |
| CAC score ≧ 400 | 40 (4.9%) | 12 (5.5%) | 15 (3.0%) | 5 (7.7%) | 8 (22.9%) | < 0.0001 | 0.875 | 0.999 | < 0.0001 | 0.573 | < 0.0001 | 0.004 |
| CAD-RADS ≧ 3 | 78 (9.6%) | 19 (8.8%) | 41 (8.2%) | 10 (15.4%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0.015 | 0.999 | 0.673 | 0.066 | 0.383 | 0.034 | 0.999 |
| Vulnerable plaque (s) | 119 (14.6%) | 29 (13.4%) | 63 (12.6%) | 16 (24.6%) | 11 (30.6%) | 0.002 | 0.999 | 0.141 | 0.039 | 0.058 | 0.019 | 0.999 |
BMI body mass index, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CAC coronary artery calcium, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, CAD-RADS the coronary artery disease-reporting and data system