Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n = 200)
| Variables | % (n) | Mean ± SD | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 24.95 ± 8.75 | 20.00 | 62.00 | |
| Genders | ||||
| Female | 79.00 (158) | |||
| Male | 21.00 (42) | |||
| Education | ||||
| No primary school | – | |||
| Primary school | 1.50 (3) | |||
| High school | 91.00 (182) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree | 6.00 (12) | |||
| Master’s degree | 1.50 (3) | |||
| Doctoral degree | – | |||
| Types of low back pain | ||||
| Acute | 52.00 (104) | |||
| Sub-acute | 16.00 (32) | |||
| Chronic | 32.00 (64) | |||
| STarT risk group | ||||
| Low risk | 80.00 (160) | |||
| Medium risk | 16.00 (32) | |||
| High risk | 4 .00 (8) | |||
| VAS (0–100) | 3.11 ± 1.57 | 0.40 | 7.40 | |
| SBST-TH total score (0–9) | 2.42 ± 1.61 | 0 | 9.00 | |
| Physical subscore (0–4) | 1.17 ± 1.68 | 0 | 4.00 | |
| Psychological subscore | 1.24 ± 1.11 | 0 | 5.00 | |
| RMDQ (0–24) | 2.44 ± 2.95 | 0 | 21.00 | |
| FABQ total score (0–66) | 32.66 ± 11.85 | 1.00 | 57.00 | |
| FABQ-PA (0–24) | 13.31 ± 4.69 | 0 | 24.00 | |
| FABQ-W (0–42) | 19.35 ± 8.48 | 0 | 34.00 | |
| PCS total score (0–52) | 11.21 ± 8.74 | 0 | 40.00 | |
| Rumination | 4.63 ± 3.69 | 0 | 15.00 | |
| Magnification | 2.90 ± 2.54 | 0 | 12.00 | |
| Helplessness | 3.69 ± 3.59 | 0 | 18.00 | |
| HADS total score (0–42) | 12.65 ± 4.95 | 4.00 | 35.00 | |
| Anxiety (0–21) | 8.29 ± 2.73 | 1.00 | 19.00 | |
| Depression (0–21) | 4.36 ± 2.97 | 0 | 16.00 | |
| EQ-5D-5L index (0–1) | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 0.18 | 1.00 | |
| EQ-VAS (0–100) | 76.81 ± 14.79 | 25.00 | 100.00 |
SD Standard deviation, VAS Visual analogue scale, SBST-TH STarT back screening tool-Thai version, RMDQ Roland-Morris disability questionnaire, FABQ Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire, FABQ-PA Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire about physical activity, FABQ-W Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire about work, PCS Pain catastrophising scale, HADS Hospital anxiety and depression scale, EQ-5D-5L EuroQol five-dimensional five-level questionnaire, EQ-VAS EuroQol-visual analogue scale