Abstract
Background
Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is recommended for acute cholecystitis patients at high risk for surgical treatment. However, there is no evidence about the best timing of surgery after PTGBD. Here, we retrospectively investigated the influence of the interval between PTGBD and surgery on perioperative outcomes and examined the optimal timing of surgery after PTGBD.
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of 22 patients who underwent cholecystectomy after PTGBD from January 2008 to August 2019. We examined perioperative factors between patients with an interval of ≤ 7 days between PTGBD and cholecystectomy (≤ 7-day group; n = 12) and those with an interval of ≥ 8 days (≥ 8-day group; n = 10). Moreover, we also examined perioperative factors between patients with an interval of ≤ 14 days from PTGBD to cholecystectomy (≤ 14-day group; n = 10) and those with an interval of ≥ 15 days (≥ 15-day group; n = 12).
Results
Of the 22 patients, 9 had Grade I cholecystitis, 12 had Grade II cholecystitis, and 2 had Grade III cholecystitis. Nine patients had high-grade cholecystitis before PTGBD and 13 had a poor general condition. We examined perioperative factors between patients with an interval of ≤ 7 days between PTGBD and cholecystectomy (≤ 7-day group; n = 12) and those with an interval of ≥ 8 days (≥ 8-day group; n = 10). The C-reactive protein (CRP) level before surgery was significantly higher (12.70 ± 1.95 mg/dL vs. 1.13 ± 2.13 mg/dL, p = 0.0007) and the total hospitalization was shorter (17.6 ± 8.0 days vs. 54.1 ± 8.8 days, p = 0.0060) in the ≤ 7-day group than in the ≥ 8-day group. We also examined perioperative factors between patients with an interval of ≤ 14 days from PTGBD to cholecystectomy (≤ 14-day group; n = 14) and those with an interval of ≥ 15 days (≥ 15-day group; n = 8). The CRP level before surgery was significantly higher (11.13 ± 2.00 mg/dL vs. 0.99 ± 2.64 mg/dL, p = 0.0062) and the total hospitalization was shorter (19.5 ± 7.2 days vs. 59.9 ± 9.5 days, p = 0.0029) in the ≤ 14-day group than in the ≥ 15-day group. However, there were no significant differences between the ≤ 14-day group and the ≥ 15-day group in the levels of hepatic enzymes before surgery, adhesion grade, amount of bleeding during surgery, operative duration, frequency of surgical complications, or length of hospitalization after surgery.
Conclusions
The interval between PTGBD and surgery has little influence on perioperative outcomes.
Keywords: Acute cholecystitis, PTGBD, Cholecystectomy
Background
Acute cholecystitis (AC) is a common surgical emergency worldwide [1]. Although the treatment guidelines for AC are well-established by the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 and the Tokyo Guidelines 2013 [2], some points are still unclear. Minimally invasive procedures, including endoscopic and percutaneous techniques, are preferred for gallbladder drainage of AC, and percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is recommended for patients with AC with a poor general condition [3, 4]. PTGBD is useful for improving the general condition of patients with AC at a high risk for surgery; however, PTGBD is only conservative treatment, and surgery should still be performed. PTGBD cannot completely treat AC, and many patients develop recurrent cholecystitis [5–7].
Several studies have discussed the optimal interval between PTGBD and surgery; however, the findings are inconsistent [8–11]. Some reports found that a shorter interval between PTGBD and surgery resulted in shorter hospital stays and lower medical costs than a longer interval, with comparable intraoperative and postoperative outcomes [8]. Conversely, some reports determined that the interval between PTGBD and surgery was not correlated with the duration of anesthesia or postoperative hospital stay [10]. Lyu et al. reported that the timing of cholecystectomy after PTGBD does not affect surgical complications, although performing surgery as soon as possible after PTGBD could decrease hospital stay and reduce medical costs. On the other hand, some have reported that a shorter interval between PTGBD and surgery was associated with more frequent postoperative complications. Fujinaga et al. reported that cholecystectomy after PTGBD was associated with a longer operation time, more intraoperative blood loss, more conversion to laparotomy from laparoscopic surgery, and a higher frequency of surgical complications [11]. Moreover, Won et al. suggested that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible following PTGBD, especially in patients with low risk [12]. Therefore, the optimal timing for surgery after PTGBD is still unclear.
Methods
In the current study, we retrospectively investigated the influence of the interval between PTGBD and surgery on perioperative outcomes and examined the optimal timing of surgery after PTGBD.
Patients
A total of 22 adults (> 20 years old) who underwent PTGBD before surgery for AC at the Kyushu Central Hospital from January 2008 to December 2019 were included in this study. All treatment procedures were performed after obtaining full informed consent from the patients. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed to obtain the patients’ data. Patient’s treatment process are described Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Patient’s treatment process
Cholecystitis diagnosis and severity assessment
We conformed to the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 diagnostic criteria and severity assessment criteria for AC [13]. The diagnostic criteria for AC were as follows: local signs of inflammation such as Murphy’s sign or right upper abdominal quadrant mass/pain/tenderness; systemic signs of inflammation such as fever, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and elevated white blood cell count (WBC); and imaging findings characteristic of AC. The combination of local inflammation/upper abdominal symptoms and systemic inflammation indicated a suspected diagnosis of AC, and these symptoms plus imaging findings indicated a definite diagnosis. Grade III AC was associated with cardiovascular dysfunction (hypotension requiring treatment with dopamine ≥ 5 µg/kg per min or any dose of norepinephrine), neurological dysfunction (decreased level of consciousness), respiratory dysfunction (PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 3004), renal dysfunction (oliguria or creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL), hepatic dysfunction (PT-INR > 1.5), or hematological dysfunction (platelet count < 100,000/mm3). Grade II AC was associated with elevated WBC count (> 18,000/mm3), palpable tender masses in the right upper abdominal quadrant, duration of complaints > 72 h, or marked local inflammation (gangrenous cholecystitis, pericholecystic abscess, hepatic abscess, biliary peritonitis, or emphysematous cholecystitis). Grade I AC was AC not meeting the criteria of Grade III or Grade II AC. It could also be defined as AC in a healthy patient with no organ dysfunction and mild inflammatory changes in the gallbladder, making cholecystectomy a safe and low-risk operative procedure.
Adhesion grade
We referred to the adhesion grade described by Suzuki et al. [14], as follows: Grade 0: slight adhesion; Grade 1: adhesion localized in just one field of vision; Grade 2: more widespread adhesion than that of Grade 1, e.g., in the intestine and abdominal wall, gastroepiploic artery and intestine, or abdominal wall; and Grade 3: adhesion in the whole intraperitoneal space, making adhesiotomy impossible.
Statistical analysis
All values are expressed as means and standard deviations. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 tests. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (SAS Institute Japan, Tokyo, Japan).
Results
Patient characteristics
Twenty-two patients underwent cholecystectomy after PTGBD between January 2008 and August 2019. The mean age of the patients was 76 ± 10 years. The comorbidities and cholecystitis grade have been described in Table 1).
Table 1.
Patient background characteristics
| Factors | Patients (n = 22) |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± standard deviation | 76 ± 10 |
| Gender (Male, %) | 14 (63.6) |
| Comorbidity | 18 (81.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 8 (36.4) |
| Hypertension (%) | 7 (31.8) |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 5 (22.7) |
| Past laparotomy (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Respiratory disease (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Chronic hepatitis (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Steroid medication (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Dementia (%) | 1 (4.5) |
| Anticoagulant medication (%) | 2 (9.1) |
| Cholecystitis grade | |
| Grade I (%) | 8 (36.4) |
| Grade II (%) | 12 (54.5) |
| Grade III (%) | 2 (9.1) |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated
Reasons for PTGBD
Nine patients (40.9 %) underwent PTGBD as the first treatment procedure before surgery because of high-grade cholecystitis, and 13 (59.1 %) had a poor general condition. The mean interval from a crisis of cholecystitis to PTGBD was 3 ± 7.1 days. No patients experienced complications of PTGBD. The mean WBC count before PTGBD was 13,025 ± 6,603 /mL, and the CRP level before PTGBD was 18 ± 10.54 mg/dL (Table 2).
Table 2.
Reasons for PTGBD
| Factors | Patients (n = 22) |
|---|---|
| Reason for PTGBD as the first procedure | |
| High-grade cholecystitis, n (%) | 9 (40.9) |
| Poor general condition, n (%) | 13 (59.1) |
| Time from crisis to PTGBD (days), mean ± standard deviation | 3 ± 7.1 |
| PTGBD-related complications, n (%) | 0 (0.0) |
| WBC count before PTGBD (/mL), mean ± standard deviation | 13,025 ± 6603 |
| CRP before PTGBD (mg/dL), mean ± standard deviation | 18 ± 10.54 |
PTGBD: percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein
Outcomes of surgery
The mean interval between PTGBD and surgery was 7 ± 38.6 days. The mean WBC count before surgery was 8,550 ± 5,642/mL, and the mean CRP before surgery was 3 ± 8.84 mg/dL. The American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statuses were one in 2 patients (9.1 %), two in 10 patients (45.5 %), and three in 10 patients (45.5 %). The adhesion grades were Grade 0 in 2 patients (9.1 %), Grade 1 in 4 patients (18.2 %), Grade 2 in 14 patients (63.6 %), and Grade 3 in 2 patients (9.1 %). The mean operating time was 124 ± 39 min, and the mean blood loss during surgery was 50 ± 235 g. Seven patients (31.8 %) converted to laparotomy surgery from laparoscopic surgery. Two patients (9.1 %) developed surgical complications: one had bleeding after surgery and required reoperation for hemostasis, and one had an intraperitoneal abscess after surgery and required antibiotic medication. The mean length of hospitalization after surgery was 17 ± 19.2 days, and the mean total hospitalization was 29 ± 32.9 days (Table 3).
Table 3.
Outcomes of surgery
| Factors | Patients (n = 22) |
|---|---|
| Interval from PTGBD to surgery (days), mean ± standard deviation | 7 ± 38.6 |
| WBC count before surgery (/mL), mean ± standard deviation | 8550 ± 5642 |
| CRP before surgery (mg/dL), mean ± standard deviation | 3 ± 8.84 |
| ASA score | |
| 1 | 2 (9.1) |
| 2 | 10 (45.5) |
| 3 | 10 (45.5) |
| Adhesion grade | |
| Grade 0 | 2 (9.1) |
| Grade 1 | 4 (18.2) |
| Grade 2 | 14 (63.6) |
| Grade 3 | 2 (9.1) |
| Operating time (min), mean ± standard deviation | 124 ± 39 |
| Blood loss (g), mean ± standard deviation | 50 ± 235 |
| Laparotomy conversion | 7 (31.8) |
| Surgical complication | 2 (9.1) |
| Bleeding after surgery | 1 (4.5) |
| Intraperitoneal abscess | 1 (4.5) |
| Hospitalization after surgery (days), mean ± standard deviation | 17 ± 19.2 |
| Total hospitalization (days), mean ± standard deviation | 29 ± 32.9 |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated
PTGBD: percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
The influence of the interval from PTGBD to surgery on patient outcomes
We next investigated the influence of the interval between PTGBD and surgery on patient outcomes. We compared the outcomes between patients with an interval of ≤ 7 days (≤ 7-day group; n = 12) and those with an interval of ≥ 8 days (≥ 8-day group; n = 10) (Table 4). The ≤ 7-day group had significantly less comorbidity than the ≥ 8-day group (p < 0.0181). Further, the CRP before surgery was significantly higher in the ≤ 7-day group than in the ≥ 8-day group (p < 0.0007), and the total hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the ≤ 7-day group than in the ≥ 8-day group (p < 0.0060).
Table 4.
Comparison between patients undergoing surgery at ≤ 7 and ≥ 7 days following PTGBD
| Factors | ≤ 7-day group (n = 12) | ≥ 8-day group (n = 10) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Male), n (%) | 7 (58.3) | 7 (70.0) | 0.5696 |
| Age (years) | 74.8 ± 2.9 | 77.8 ± 3.1 | 0.4794 |
| Comorbidity (Yes), n (%) | 8 (66.7) | 10 (100.0) | 0.0181 |
| Anticoagulant medication (Yes), n (%) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (10.0) | 0.8925 |
| ASA status | 2.33 ± 0.19 | 2.40 ± 0.21 | 0.8195 |
| Cholecystitis grade | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.1257 |
| WBC before PTBGD (/mL) | 13,355 ± 1952 | 13,892 ± 2138 | 0.8549 |
| CRP before PTGBD (mg/dL) | 19.38 ± 3.01 | 14.06 ± 3.30 | 0.2480 |
| WBC before surgery (/mL) | 10,064 ± 1638 | 7948 ± 1795 | 0.3942 |
| CRP before surgery (mg/dL) | 12.70 ± 1.95 | 1.13 ± 2.13 | 0.0007 |
| Surgical complications (Yes), n (%) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (10.0) | 0.8925 |
| Operating time (min) | 113.4 ± 11.3 | 131.0 ± 12.4 | 0.3062 |
| Blood loss (g) | 171.3 ± 69.2 | 133.8 ± 75.8 | 0.7185 |
| Adhesion grade | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 0.3475 |
| Laparotomy conversion (Yes), n (%) | 4 (33.3) | 3 (30.0) | 0.8671 |
| Hospitalization after surgery (days) | 12.0 ± 5.4 | 24.2 ± 5.9 | 0.1406 |
| Total hospitalization (days) | 17.6 ± 8.0 | 54.1 ± 8.8 | 0.0060 |
Bold values indicate significant differences
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated
≤ 7-day group: patients with an interval between PTGBD and surgery ≤ 7 days, ≥ 8-day group: patients with an interval between PTGBD and surgery ≥ 8 days, PTGBD: percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
We also compared the outcomes between patients with an interval between PTGBD and surgery of ≤ 14 days (≤ 14-day group; n = 10) and those with an interval of ≥ 15 days (≥ 15-day group; n = 12) (Table 5). The ≤ 14-day group had significantly less comorbidity than the ≥ 15-day group (p < 0.0426). Further, the CRP before surgery was significantly higher in the ≤ 14-day group than in the ≥ 15-day group (p < 0.0007), and the total hospitalization was significantly shorter (p < 0.0060)
We further compared the outcomes using 3-day and 5-day intervals, but there were no significant differences between groups in these comparisons
Table 5.
Comparison between patients undergoing surgery at < 14 and > 14 days following PTGBD
| Factors | ≤ 14-day group (n = 10) | ≥ 15-day group (n = 12) P | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (Male), n (%) | 9 (64.3) | 5 (62.5) | 0.9333 |
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 2.7 | 77.5 ± 3.5 | 0.6324 |
| Comorbidity (Yes), n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 8 (100.0) | 0.0426 |
| Anticoagulant medication (Yes), n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.1658 |
| ASA status | 2.36 ± 0.18 | 2.38 ± 0.24 | 0.9529 |
| Cholecystitis grade | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.2092 |
| WBC before PTBGD (/mL) | 13,141 ± 1800 | 14,402 ± 2382 | 0.6771 |
| CRP before PTGBD (mg/dL) | 18.19 ± 2.85 | 14.80 ± 3.77 | 0.4807 |
| WBC before surgery (/mL) | 10,191 ± 1492 | 7198 ± 1973 | 0.2404 |
| CRP before surgery (mg/dL) | 11.13 ± 2.00 | 0.99 ± 2.64 | 0.0007 |
| Surgical complications (Yes), n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (12.5) | 0.6795 |
| Operating time (min) | 117.4 ± 10.6 | 128.5 ± 14.1 | 0.5345 |
| Blood loss (g) | 176.1 ± 63.8 | 116.1 ± 84.4 | 0.5772 |
| Adhesion grade | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.5082 |
| Laparotomy conversion (Yes), n (%) | 5 (35.7) | 2 (25.0) | 0.5999 |
| Hospitalization after surgery (days) | 12.8 ± 4.9 | 25.9 ± 6.5 | 0.1259 |
| Total hospitalization (days) | 19.5 ± 7.2 | 59.9 ± 9.5 | 0.0060 |
Bold values indicate significant differences
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated
≤ 14-day group: patients with an interval between PTGBD and surgery ≤ 14 days, ≥ 15-day group: patients with an interval between PTGBD and surgery ≥ 15 days, PTGBD: percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
Discussion
We revealed that patients with a longer interval between PTGBD and cholecystectomy had more comorbidities than those with a shorter interval when examining intervals of both 7 days and 14 days, but there was no significant difference when examining intervals of 3 days or 5 days. Patients were considered for surgical treatment after PTGBD after confirmation of improvement of physical findings and inflammatory findings. Because patients with comorbidities show delayed improvement in general condition, they may need a longer interval from PTGBD to surgery.
We also found that the CRP level before surgery was significantly higher in patients with a shorter interval between PTGBD and cholecystectomy in both comparisons (7-day and 14-day). However, there was no difference between the two groups in the frequency of surgical complications, operating time, amount of blood loss during surgery, adhesion grade, or the rate of laparotomy conversion. The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 recommend that surgical treatment for cholecystitis be performed within 72 h from onset [15–17]; however, the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 suggest surgery be performed as soon as possible after onset and give no time limit [2]. These changes have improved surgical outcomes, including those of laparoscopic surgery. In our study, there was no significant difference in the surgical outcomes between patients based on the interval between PTGBD and cholecystectomy. However, these results may depend on patient backgrounds.
The total hospitalization of patients with a shorter interval between PTGBD and cholecystectomy was significantly shorter than that of patients with a longer interval. However, this result is attributable to the shorter interval between PTGBD and surgery; there was no difference in the length of hospitalization after surgery between the two groups. Therefore, surgical treatment should be performed as soon as possible for the efficiency of turnover of hospitalized patients and lower medical costs.
Some limitations of this analysis should be mentioned. First, we selected patients from one center. A multicenter study with a larger number of patients and greater variation in surgical techniques would help us reach more definitive conclusions. Second, this was a retrospective study and might be subject to investigative bias.
Conclusions
There was no difference in perioperative risks and surgical outcomes between patients with a shorter interval between PTGBD and cholecystectomy and those with a longer interval. Rapid surgery after PTGBD could reduce total hospitalization and medical costs.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
Abbreviations
- AC
acute cholecystitis
- PTGBD
percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage
- WBC
white blood cell
- CRP
C-reactive protein
Authors’ contributions
KK drafted the manuscript and formulated the study design and concept. EA performed critical revision of the manuscript. SO, AT, TH, KO, SI, SM, and TN performed data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Ethics Committee of the Kyushu Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers has approved this study (numbered 207). The protocol followed the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.