Table 2.

Hazard Ratios to Pain Resolution

	Bivariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysisa
Variable	PE	HR [95% CI]	P-value	PE	HR [95% CI]	P-value
Primary Risk Factor
PSS (0–40)
>17	−0.5878	0.555 [0.36 – 0.85]	0.02*	−0.2658	0.766 [0.41 – 1.42]	0.39
BPI (NRS 0–10)
Worst, >6	−1.068	0.343 [0.19 – 0.6]	< 0.001*	−0.5426	0.581 [0.25 – 1.33]	0.2
Least, >2	−1.018	0.361 [0.21 – 0.61]	< 0.001*	−0.3307	0.718 [0.27 – 1.85]	0.49
Average, >4	−0.5217	0.593 [0.36 – 0.96]	0.01*	0.4726	1.604 [0.68 – 3.74]	0.27
Now, >4	−1.015	0.362 [0.19 – 0.65]	< 0.001*	−0.5512	0.576 [0.2 – 1.58]	0.28
Interference, >3.14	−0.6886	0.502 [0.3 – 0.83]	0.007*	0.16120	1.175 [0.63 – 2.16]	0.6
QST, painful site
MPS, NRS >2.66	−0.4382	0.645 [0.4 – 1.01]	0.06
ALL, NRS 0–10	−0.3315	0.717 [0.43 – 1.17]	0.18
CPT, >21.86°C	−0.3976	0.671 [0.42 – 1.05]	0.08
HPT, >39.53°C	0.2009	1.222 [0.76 – 1.95]	0.41
PPT, >210.336 kPa	0.6337	1.885 [1.14 – 3.11]	0.01*	−0.07417	0.384 [0.43 – 1.97]	0.84
QST, control site
MPS, NRS >1.33	0.1122a	1.119 [0.59 – 2.09]	0.72
ALL, NRS >0.1	−0.2598	0.771 [0.5 – 1.18]	0.23
CPT, >19.83°C	−0.2101	0.810 [0.53 – 1.23]	0.32
HPT, >40.63 °C	0.4021	1.495 [0.93 – 2.39]	0.09
PPT, >213.63 kPa	0.7695	2.159 [1.31 – 3.35]	0.001*	0.4545	1.575 [0.65 – 3.77]	0.307
Confounding Factor
Sexb
Male	−0.166	0.846 [0.45 – 1.58]	0.56
Age
>26 years old	−0.802	0.448 [0.26 – 0.74]	0.006*	−0.19560	0.822 [0.36 – 1.87]	0.64
Racec
More than one race,	1.521	4.577 [2.01 – 10.41]	<0.001*	0.7074	2.029 [0.48 – 8.42]	0.33
White/Caucasian Other	1.689	5.413 [2.59 – 11.27]	<0.001*	0.9005	2.461 [0.76 – 7.93]	0.13
Ethnicityb
Non-Hispanic/Latino	−0.02409	0.976 [0.27 – 3.46]	0.97
Household Income
≥$60K per year	1.101	3.008 [1.88 – 4.79]	< 0.001*	0.7532	2.124 [1.06 – 4.24]	0.03*
BMI
>26.5	−0.5367	0.584 [0.34 – 0.99]	0.02*
Smoking
Current smoker	−1.198	0.301 [0.14 – 0.64]	0.001*	−0.1194	0.887 [0.31 – 2.51]	0.82

Note. Variable values split categorically or by median value in the sample. PE = Parameter estimate; HR = Hazard ratio; CI = Confidence interval; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; NRS = Numeric rating scale; QST = Quantitative sensory testing; MPS = Mechanical pain sensitivity; ALL = Dynamic mechanical allodynia; CPT = Cold pain threshold; C = Celsius; HPT = Heat pain threshold; PPT = Pressure pain threshold; kPa = Kilopascal; BMI = Body mass index.

^*Level of significance set at α = 0.05

^aHazard ratios shown for preliminary Cox regression model, prior to identifying covariates.

^bProportional odds model used.

^cCompared to identifying as Black/African American.