Table 3.
Characteristics of classes identified in the latent class analysis.
| Class 1 (N = 75) | Class 2 (N = 88) | Class 3 (N = 105) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test (N = 39) | 6 (8·0%) | 4 (4·5%) | 29 (27·6%) | <0·01 |
| Positive SARS-CoV-2 serology test (N = 75) | 8 (10·7%) | 22 (25·0%) | 45 (42·9%) | <0·01 |
| Median Age (IQR) in years | 7·8 (3·1–11·2) | 4·5 (1·5–7·5) | 11·2 (8·4–13·9) | |
| Median Hospital Stay (IQR) in days | 5 (4–8) | 6 (4–11) | 9·5 (8–13) | |
| Weight 2 SDs above mean for age/sex | 11 (14·7%) | 4 (4·5%) | 21 (20·0%) | <0·01 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 45 (60·0%) | 41 (46·6%) | 28 (26·7%) | <0·01 |
| Black/ African/ Caribbean/ Black British | 10 (13·3%) | 14 (15·9%) | 36 (34·3%) | <0·01 |
| Asian/ Asian British | 13 (17·3%) | 23 (26·1%) | 27 (25·7%) | <0·01 |
| Mixed/ multiple ethnic groups | 3 (4·0%) | 5 (5·7%) | 3 (2·9%) | <0·01 |
| Other ethnic groups | 1 (1·3%) | 3 (3·4%) | 6 (5·7%) | <0·01 |
| Cardiovascular Involvement | ||||
| Any cardiac arrest or findings on ECG/Echo | 18 (24·0%) | 39 (44·3%) | 83 (79·1%) | <0·01 |
| Hypotension | 14 (18·7%) | 16 (18·2%) | 84 (80·0%) | <0·01 |
| Dermatological Involvement | ||||
| Kawasaki-type rash (widespread, polymorphous, not vesicular) | 3 (4·0%) | 74 (84·1%) | 40 (38·1%) | <0·01 |
| Other rash | 6 (8·0%) | 21 (23·9%) | 22 (21·0%) | 0·06 |
| Conjunctivitis (bilateral, bulbar, non-suppurative) | 5 (6·7%) | 74 (84·1%) | 56 (53·3%) | <0·01 |
| Kawasaki lips and mucosa (red cracked lips, strawberry tongue, erythematous oral cavity) | 2 (2·7%) | 67 (76·1%) | 20 (19·0%) | <0·01 |
| Gastrointestinal Involvement | ||||
| Vomiting/diarrhoea | 49 (65·3%) | 60 (68·2%) | 87 (82·9%) | 0·01 |
| Abdominal pain | 45 (60·0%) | 29 (33·0%) | 78 (74·3%) | <0·01 |
| Low albumin | 50 (66·7%) | 78 (88·6%) | 104 (99·1%) | <0·01 |
| Raised ALT | 10 (13·3%) | 22 (25·0%) | 57 (54·3%) | <0·01 |
| Raised d-dimers | 41 (54·7%) | 46 (52·3%) | 96 (91·4%) | <0·01 |
| Haematological Involvement | ||||
| Low platelets (<100 × 109/L) | 7 (9·3%) | 9 (10·2%) | 38 (36·2%) | <0·01 |
| Neurological Involvement | ||||
| Headache | 16 (21·3%) | 13 (15·3%) | 32 (30·5%) | 0·03 |
| Seizure | 1 (1·3%) | 0 | 2 (1·9%) | 0·45 |
| Confusion | 1 (1·3%) | 1 (1·1%) | 11 (10·5%) | <0·01 |
| Drowsiness | 7 (9·3%) | 10 (11·4%) | 19 (18·1%) | 0·10 |
| Renal involvement | ||||
| Raised creatinine | 0 | 1 (1·1%) | 19 (18·1%) | <0·01 |
| Acute Kidney Disease | 0 | 3 (3·4%) | 25 (23·8%) | <0·01 |
| Respiratory Involvement | ||||
| Cough | 11 (14·7%) | 30 (34·1%) | 28 (26·7%) | 0·02 |
| Tachypnoea | 19 (25·3%) | 21 (23·9%) | 48 (45·7%) | <0·01 |
| CPAP /ventilation / high frequency oscillation | 0 | 3 (3·4%) | 45 (42·9%) | <0·01 |
| Phenotype class | ||||
| TSS (N = 39) | 0 | 15 (17·0%) | 24 (22·9%) | <0·01 |
| KD (N = 24) | 0 | 16 (18·2%) | 8 (7·6%) | <0·01 |
| PIMS-TS only (N = 216) | 75 (100·0%) | 63 (71·6%) | 78 (74·3%) | <0·01 |
| PIMS-TS/KD (N = 13) | 0 | 10 (11·4%) | 3 (2·9%) | <0·01 |
| PIMS-TS/TSS (N = 28) | 0 | 9 (10·2%) | 19 (18·1%) | <0·01 |
| PIMS-TS/Kawasaki/TSS (N = 11) | 0 | 6 (6·8%) | 5 (4·8%) | <0·01 |
ALT Alanine transaminase; CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure; IQR Interquartile Range; KD Kawasaki disease; PCR Polymerase chain reaction; PIMS-TS Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2; TSS Toxic shock syndrome.