TABLE 4.
Results of Multiple Linear Regression in Eight Participant Groups Using Overall Perception of Patient Safety as Dependent Variable, and ten PSC Dimensions as Independent variables
| Sample | Sample A | Sample B | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Managerial function | No managerial functions | With managerial functions | No managerial functions | With managerial functions | |||||||||||||
| Profession | Nurse | Physician | Nurse | Physician | Nurse | Physician | Nurse | Physician | |||||||||
| Gender | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | |
| Employee group | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
| n | 406 | 67 | 121 | 115 | 49 | 20 | 36 | 82 | 458 | 80 | 49 | 41 | 122 | 31 | 36 | 73 | |
| R2 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.76 | |
| RMSE | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.44 | |
| Intercept | Estimate 95% CI P |
−0.05 −0.45 to 0.35 P = 0.80 |
−0.76 −1.56 to 0.04 P = 0.06 |
−0.30 −1.07 to 0.46 P = 0.43 |
−0.06 −0.68 to 0.56 P = 0.85 |
−0.36 −2 to 1.27 P = 0.66 |
1.32 −1.61 to 4.24 P = 0.33 |
−0.19 −1.07 to 0.69 P = 0.66 |
0.44 −0.41 to 1.29 P = 0.30 |
−0.41 −0.78 to −0.03 P = 0.033 |
−0.83 −1.87 to 0.21 P = 0.12 |
0.00 –1.09 to 1.08 P = 0.99 |
0.25 –1.12 to 1.62 P = 0.71 |
−0.03 −0.96 to 0.91 P = 0.96 |
−0.43 −2.42 to 1.56 P = 0.66 |
−1.20 −2.37 to −0.04 P = 0.044 |
−0.07 −0.86 to 0.73 P = 0.87 |
| Hospital PSC | |||||||||||||||||
| Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety | β 95% CI P |
0.19 0.11 to 0.27 P < 0.0001 |
−0.10 −0.27 to 0.08 P = 0.27 |
0.21 0.03 to 0.40 P = 0.023 |
0.07 –0.09 to 0.24 P = 0.37 |
0.10 –0.15 to 0.35 P = 0.41 |
0.21 –0.23 to 0.64 P = 0.31 |
0.38 0.08 to 0.69 P = 0.016 |
0.20 0.00 to 0.41 P = 0.050 |
0.17 0.10 to 0.24 P < 0.0001 |
0.06 –0.11 to 0.23 P = 0.49 |
0.16 –0.08 to 0.40 P = 0.18 |
−0.05 −0.32 to 0.22 P = 0.71 |
0.28 0.13 to 0.43 P < 0.001 |
0.31 0.06 to 0.56 P = 0.017 |
−0.13 −0.43 to 0.17 P = 0.39 |
0.00 –0.19 to 0.19 P = 0.98 |
| Teamwork Across Hospital Units | β 95% CI P |
0.06 –0.05 to 0.18 P = 0.29 |
0.28 0.01 to 0.55 P = 0.043 |
0.07 –0.15 to 0.29 P = 0.54 |
−0.13 −0.32 to 0.06 P = 0.17 |
0.01 –0.34 to 0.36 P = 0.95 |
−0.27 −1.57 to 1.02 P = 0.64 |
−0.23 −0.60 to 0.13 P = 0.20 |
−0.01 −0.31 to 0.30 P = 0.97 |
0.02 –0.09 to 0.12 P = 0.72 |
0.06 –0.22 to 0.34 P = 0.67 |
−0.20 −0.51 to 0.10 P = 0.19 |
0.32 –0.14 to 0.77 P = 0.17 |
−0.07 −0.32 to 0.18 P = 0.60 |
−0.16 −0.50 to 0.19 P = 0.36 |
0.39 0.02 to 0.76 P = 0.037 |
−0.07 −0.39 to 0.25 P = 0.66 |
| Hospital Handoffs & Transitions | β 95% CI P |
0.08 –0.03 to 0.18 P = 0.17 |
0.08 –0.15 to 0.31 P = 0.50 |
0.14 –0.07 to 0.35 P = 0.20 |
0.07 –0.11 to 0.26 P = 0.44 |
0.18 –0.11 to 0.47 P = 0.22 |
−0.25 −1.12 to 0.63 P = 0.54 |
0.06 –0.21 to 0.33 P = 0.65 |
−0.02 −0.26 to 0.22 P = 0.88 |
0.08 –0.01 to 0.17 P = 0.09 |
0.19 –0.07 to 0.46 P = 0.15 |
0.37 0.10 to 0.63 P = 0.008 |
0.30 –0.07 to 0.68 P = 0.11 |
0.24 0.01 to 0.47 P = 0.045 |
−0.01 −0.38 to 0.36 P = 0.96 |
0.08 –0.25 to 0.41 P = 0.62 |
0.15 –0.05 to 0.34 P = 0.13 |
| Department PSC | |||||||||||||||||
| Teamwork Within Units | β 95% CI P |
0.03 –0.06 to 0.13 P = 0.48 |
0.06 –0.19 to 0.30 P = 0.64 |
−0.08 −0.28 to 0.12 P = 0.42 |
−0.07 −0.24 to 0.10 P = 0.42 |
−0.05 −0.35 to 0.24 P = 0.72 |
−0.07 −0.83 to 0.68 P = 0.83 |
0.04 –0.27 to 0.35 P = 0.80 |
−0.07 −0.32 to 0.18 P = 0.60 |
0.04 –0.05 to 0.13 P = 0.38 |
0.11 –0.14 to 0.36 P = 0.40 |
0.03 –0.24 to 0.29 P = 0.84 |
−0.22 −0.68 to 0.24 P = 0.34 |
0.02 –0.2 to 0.24 P = 0.85 |
0.29 –0.25 to 0.83 P = 0.27 |
0.16 –0.17 to 0.48 P = 0.34 |
0.10 –0.12 to 0.31 P = 0.38 |
| Organizational Learning – Continuous Improvement | β 95% CI P |
0.25 0.15 to 0.35 P < 0.0001 |
0.52 0.30 to 0.75 P < 0.0001 |
0.23 0.02 to 0.45 P = 0.034 |
0.45 0.24 to 0.66 P < 0.0001 |
0.48 0.18 to 0.78 P = 0.002 |
−0.39 −1.29 to 0.51 P = 0.35 |
0.30 –0.05 to 0.66 P = 0.09 |
0.12 –0.09 to 0.33 P = 0.25 |
0.30 0.21 to 0.40 P < 0.0001 |
0.33 0.08 to 0.57 P = 0.009 |
0.23 −0.09 to 0.56 P = 0.15 |
0.41 0.02 to 0.79 P = 0.04 |
0.19 −0.05 to 0.42 P = 0.12 |
0.07 −0.35 to 0.49 P = 0.73 |
0.31 −0.21 to 0.83 P = 0.23 |
0.18 −0.07 to 0.42 P = 0.15 |
| Nonpunitive Response to Error | β 95% CI P |
−0.01 −0.08 to 0.06 P = 0.81 |
0.05 −0.09 to 0.18 P = 0.51 |
0.05 −0.12 to 0.23 P = 0.53 |
0.21 0.07 to 0.36 P = 0.005 |
0.12 −0.13 to 0.36 P = 0.33 |
0.29 −0.53 to 1.11 P = 0.45 |
−0.16 −0.52 to 0.20 P = 0.37 |
0.14 −0.07 to 0.34 P = 0.19 |
0.13 0.06 to 0.20 P < 0.001 |
0.15 0.02 to 0.28 P = 0.028 |
0.04 −0.17 to 0.26 P = 0.67 |
0.02 −0.25 to 0.29 P = 0.87 |
0.05 −0.16 to 0.26 P = 0.65 |
0.32 −0.05 to 0.69 P = 0.09 |
0.07 −0.20 to 0.33 P = 0.61 |
0.05 −0.13 to 0.24 P = 0.57 |
| Supervisor Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety | β 95% CI P |
0.05 −0.04 to 0.13 P = 0.30 |
0.07 −0.12 to 0.26 P = 0.45 |
−0.01 −0.20 to 0.19 P = 0.95 |
0.20 0.02 to 0.39 P = 0.034 |
0.10 −0.19 to 0.40 P = 0.49 |
−0.05 −0.57 to 0.48 P = 0.84 |
0.11 −0.20 to 0.43 P = 0.46 |
0.18 −0.04 to 0.39 P = 0.11 |
0.08 0.01 to 0.15 P = 0.017 |
0.08 −0.13 to 0.28 P = 0.48 |
0.04 −0.29 to 0.37 P = 0.82 |
0.13 −0.19 to 0.44 P = 0.43 |
0.06 −0.11 to 0.23 P = 0.50 |
0.10 −0.39 to 0.59 P = 0.68 |
0.41 0.01 to 0.80 P = 0.043 |
0.22 0.00 to 0.43 P = 0.050 |
| Feedback & Communication About Error | β 95% CI P |
0.04 –0.04 to 0.12 P = 0.31 |
0.03 –0.21 to 0.26 P = 0.82 |
0.13 –0.04 to 0.30 P = 0.14 |
0.05 –0.12 to 0.21 P = 0.59 |
0.02 –0.24 to 0.28 P = 0.87 |
0.66 –0.08 to 1.39 P = 0.07 |
−0.08 −0.41 to 0.26 P = 0.65 |
0.10 –0.13 to 0.34 P = 0.38 |
0.00 –0.07 to 0.06 P = 0.90 |
0.12 –0.04 to 0.28 P = 0.15 |
0.10 –0.10 to 0.29 P = 0.31 |
−0.02 −0.29 to 0.25 P = 0.87 |
−0.02 −0.22 to 0.17 P = 0.82 |
0.21 –0.06 to 0.48 P = 0.13 |
0.04 –0.26 to 0.34 P = 0.77 |
0.13 –0.10 to 0.37 P = 0.27 |
| Communication Openness | β 95% CI P |
0.00 –0.10 to 0.09 P = 0.97 |
−0.11 −0.34 to 0.12 P = 0.35 |
0.05 −0.12 to 0.21 P = 0.60 |
0.02 −0.17 to 0.21 P = 0.84 |
−0.13−0.45 to 0.20 P = 0.43 |
−0.06 −0.74 to 0.61 P = 0.84 |
0.34 0.0 to 0.69 P = 0.052 |
−0.02 −0.27 to 0.23 P = 0.88 |
0.05 −0.03 to 0.13 P = 0.21 |
−0.14 −0.35 to 0.06 P = 0.17 |
0.22 −0.04 to 0.49 P = 0.10 |
−0.11 −0.55 to 0.32 P = 0.60 |
0.06 −0.16 to 0.29 P = 0.57 |
−0.23 −0.72 to 0.25 P = 0.33 |
−0.10 −0.52 to 0.32 P = 0.62 |
0.04 −0.21 to 0.28 P = 0.77 |
| Staffing | β 95% CI P |
0.35 0.28 to 0.43 P < 0.0001 |
0.44 0.28 to 0.59 P < 0.0001 |
0.38 0.22 to 0.54 P < 0.0001 |
0.21 0.05 to 0.37 P = 0.012 |
0.28 0.06 to 0.49 P = 0.014 |
0.43 −0.15 to 1.02 P = 0.13 |
0.34 0.10 to 0.57 P = 0.007 |
0.28 0.10 to 0.46 P = 0.003 |
0.24 0.18 to 0.30 P < 0.0001 |
0.30 0.13 to 0.47 P = 0.001 |
0.08 −0.09 to 0.25 P = 0.36 |
0.25 0.00 to 0.50 P = 0.051 |
0.21 0.08 to 0.34 P = 0.003 |
0.18 −0.15 to 0.50 P = 0.27 |
0.16 −0.07 to 0.40 P = 0.16 |
0.33 0.17 to 0.49 P < 0.001 |
Statistically significant effects (P < 0.05) are presented in bold.
β – an estimated change in Overall Perception of Patient Safety in response to one-point change in independent variable.
CI indicates confidence interval; RMSE, root mean squared error.