TABLE 3.

Domains and Outcomes of Veterans Affairs-Community Interorganizational Care Coordination of Rural Veterans

References and Policy Era	Organizational Policy and Administration	Organizational Culture	Organizational Mechanisms	Relational Practices	Initiative Effectiveness* and Outcomes for Included Studies
Botts et al33 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Written agreement/standard performance measures	Responsive practice	Clinical operations/personnel Shared goals and incentives Information technology Information sharing/communication		Initiative effective for: Quality of care Access to care Efficiency
Brooks et al35 (Pre-Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose	Responsive practice Acknowledge/align cultures Responsibility to women, racial/ethnic minorities	Clinical operations/personnel Information technology Information sharing/communication	Relational coordination Leadership/frontline champions	Initiative effective for: Quality of care Access to care Learning, innovation, and implementation
Cretzmeyer et al36 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose	Responsive practice Responsibility to vulnerable populations, eg, homeless	Clinical operations/personnel Information sharing/communication	Relational coordination Informal relationships and communication	Initiative effective for: Quality of care Quality of life
Gaglioti et al38 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose	Responsive practice	Clinical operations/personnel Information technology Information sharing/communication	Relational coordination	Initiative ineffective for: Quality of care Health quality
Jasuja et al40 (MISSION Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Goals, resources, and needs		Designated care coordinators Information technology Information sharing/communication		Initiative effective for: Quality of care Patient safety
Katon et al42 (MISSION Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Goals, resources, and needs Codeveloped policies/pooled resources	Responsive practice Communication/collaboration Responsibility to women, racial/ethnic minorities	Clinical operations/personnel Patient training	Relational coordination	Initiative effective for: Quality of care Access to care Patient satisfaction
Klein et al44 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Geography Mutual understanding of organizations goals	Responsive practice Information transparency/accessibility	Information technology Basic information technology infrastructure Information technology training Information sharing/communication		Initiative effective for: Quality of care
Kramer et al46 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose History/shared experience Mutual understanding of organizations goals in context of interorganizational care coordination Written agreement/standard performance measures Memoranda of understandings	Acknowledge/align cultures Responsibility to women, racial/ethnic minorities Interdisciplinary health care teams, case management, wholistic approach	Information technology Basic information technology infrastructure Interoperability and cost-competitiveness	Relational coordination	Initiative effective for: Quality of care Access to care Learning, innovation, and implementation
Kramer et al34 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose History/shared experience Mutual understanding of organizations goals Written agreement/standard performance measures Memoranda of understanding at outset Standardize measures of health care Codeveloped policies/pooled resources	Acknowledge/align cultures Responsibility to women, racial/ethnic minorities	Clinical operations/personnel Adequate staffing and training Clear roles and performance standards	Relational coordination Leaders/frontline champions Identify leaders that represent the community Cultivate leaders and champions Informal relationships/communication	Initiative effective for: Learning, innovation, and implementation
Lampman and Mueller31 (Pre-Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Codeveloped policies/pooled resources	Responsive practice Information transparency/accessibility Less risk averse and bureaucratic	Clinical operations/personnel Clear roles and performance standards Communication and information sharing Designated care coordinators	Relational coordination Leaders/frontline champions	Initiative ineffective for: Patient safety Learning, innovation, and implementation
Mattocks et al37 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Standard measures of performance Codeveloped policies/pooled resources Anticipate needs of frontline providers Clarify goals, roles	Responsive practice Information transparency/accessibility Communication and collaboration	Clinical operations/personnel adequate staffing and training Information technology Information sharing/communication trained, aligned contract services	Relational coordination	Initiative ineffective for: Learning, innovation, and implementation
Mattocks et al39 (MISSION Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose Mission/values Codeveloped policies/pooled resources Clarify goals, roles, responsibilities, and resources; performance incentives or penalties, and timelines	Responsive practice Information transparency/accessibility Communication and collaboration Responsibility to women, racial/ethnic minorities	Trained, aligned contract services	Relational coordination	Initiative ineffective for: Quality of care Access to care
Nayar et al41 (Pre-Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose		Clinical operations/personnel Adapt practices to different care settings Information technology Information sharing/communication Communicate contact points to patients	Relational coordination	Initiative ineffective for: Quality of care Access to care Patient satisfaction
Nayar et al43 (Pre-Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose	Responsive practice Less risk averse and bureaucratic	Clinical operations/personnel Adequate staffing and training Clear roles and performance standards Information technology	Relational coordination Informal relationships/communication	Initiative ineffective for: Quality of care Efficiency
Schlosser et al45 (MISSION Era)	Written agreement/standard performance measures Ask new patients if they are dual care Veterans Standardizing formularies	Responsive practice	Information sharing Increase specialist communication Leverage complementarity of partner strengths	Relational coordination	Initiative ineffective for: Quality of care Access to care Patient safety Patient satisfaction
Shi et al47 (Choice Era)	Understanding/alignment on purpose	Responsive practice Information transparency and accessibility	Information technology Information sharing/communication		Initiative effective for: Quality of care Efficiency

^*Initiative effectiveness as concluded by the authors of each individual article.