Table 1.

Relationships between depression and its associated factors.

	All cases					Male					Female
	Depression		Non-depression			Depression		Non-depression			Depression		Non-depression
Variables	N	%	N	%	P	N	%	N	%	P	N	%	N	%	p
Demographic characteristics
Gender
male	53	37.1	90	62.9	.160
female	60	29.9	141	70.1
Living arrangements
Living alone	13	38.2	21	61.8	.489	11	61.1	7	38.9	.035∗	2	12.5	14	87.5	.157∗
Other	100	32.4	209	67.6		42	33.6	83	66.4		57	31.1	126	68.9
Occupation
Full-time job	64	36.6	111	63.4	.193	37	39.4	57	60.6	.431	27	33.3	54	66.7	.440
Other	50	29.9	117	70.1		16	32.7	33	67.3		33	28.2	84	71.8
Medical treatment status
Receiving medical treatment	39	35.5	71	64.5	.497	16	34.0	31	66.0	.601	22	35.5	40	64.5	.225
Not receiving medical treatment	74	31.8	159	68.2		37	38.5	59	61.5		37	27.0	100	73.0
Psychological factors
Type A behavior pattern
Type A	32	36.8	55	63.2	.304	11	29.7	26	70.3	.350	20	40.8	29	59.2	.049
Non-Type A	77	30.8	173	69.2		38	38.4	61	61.6		39	26.0	111	74.0
Sense of coherence (SOC)
High SOC	47	21.1	176	78.9	<.001	22	25.3	65	74.7	<.001	25	18.5	110	81.5	<.001
Low SOC	65	55.1	53	44.9		29	56.9	22	43.1		35	53.0	31	47.0
Cognitive stress
High stress	99	40.9	143	59.1	<.001	44	48.9	46	51.1	<.001∗	54	36.0	96	64.0	<.001∗
Low stress	11	11.1	88	88.9		7	14.0	43	86.0		4	8.2	45	91.8
Life events
Many life events	72	37.9	118	62.1	.031	27	40.9	39	59.1	.378	44	35.8	79	64.2	.021
Few life events	42	26.9	114	73.1		26	33.8	51	66.2		16	20.5	62	79.5
Sense of stress control
High stress control	75	26.6	207	73.4	<.001	34	29.8	80	70.2	.001∗	40	24.1	126	75.9	<.001
Low stress control	36	60.0	24	40.0		17	65.4	9	34.6		19	55.9	15	44.1
Stress management skills
Acquisition	46	20.4	179	79.6	<.001	21	23.6	68	76.4	<.001	25	18.5	110	81.5	<.001
Non-acquisition	65	55.6	52	44.4		30	58.8	21	41.2		34	52.3	31	47.7
Stress management
Practice	33	24.3	103	75.7	.004	11	25.0	33	75.0	.042	21	23.1	70	76.9	.041
No practice	79	39.5	121	60.5		42	42.9	56	57.1		37	36.6	64	63.4
Health-related behaviors
BMI
Moderate	66	29.9	155	70.1	.254	30	34.5	57	65.5	.334	36	26.9	98	73.1	.701
Not moderate	39	36.1	69	63.9		23	42.6	31	57.4		16	29.6	38	70.4
Frequency of drinking
Not everyday drinker	77	30.9	172	69.1	.199	25	32.1	53	67.9	.174	51	30.2	118	69.8	<1.000∗
Everyday drinker	37	38.1	60	61.9		28	43.1	37	56.9		9	28.1	23	71.9
Quantity of drinking
Less drinking	75	33.0	152	67.0	.998	25	38.5	40	61.5	.752	49	30.4	112	69.6	.717
More drinking	39	33.1	79	66.9		28	35.9	50	64.1		11	27.5	29	72.5
Smoking
Non-smoker	85	31.5	185	68.5	.242	29	35.4	53	64.6	.573	55	29.6	131	70.4	.773∗
Smoker	29	38.7	46	61.3		24	40.0	36	60.0		5	33.3	10	66.7
Exercise
High exercise	25	24.5	77	75.5	.031	13	27.7	34	72.3	.103	12	22.2	42	77.8	.152
Low exercise	89	36.5	155	63.5		40	41.7	56	58.3		48	32.7	99	67.3
Sleeping pattern
7 or 8 hours	21	36.2	37	63.8	.563	14	53.8	12	46.2	.050	7	22.6	24	77.4	.398∗
Other	93	32.3	195	67.7		39	33.3	78	66.7		53	31.2	117	68.8
Quality of sleep
Enough	43	19.9	173	80.1	<.001	23	24.7	70	75.3	<.001	20	16.4	102	83.6	<.001
Not enough	71	54.6	59	45.4		30	60.0	20	40.0		40	50.6	39	49.4
Socioeconomic factors
Help-seeking behaviors
Many	44	21.1	165	78.9	<.001	14	20.6	54	79.4	<.001	29	20.9	110	79.1	<.001
Few	67	50.4	66	49.6		37	51.4	35	48.6		30	49.2	31	50.8
Social capital
High social capital	42	25.6	122	74.4	.004	20	29.4	48	70.6	.076	22	22.9	74	77.1	.032
Low social capital	71	40.1	106	59.9		32	43.8	41	56.2		38	36.9	65	63.1
Frequency of participation
Often	24	24.5	74	75.5	.029	14	24.6	43	75.4	.013	10	24.4	31	75.6	.355
Rarely	89	36.8	153	63.2		38	45.2	46	54.8		50	31.8	107	68.2
Positiveness of participation
Positive	31	27.0	84	73.0	.071	16	26.7	44	73.3	.025	15	27.3	40	72.7	.565
Negative	83	36.7	143	63.3		37	45.1	45	54.9		45	31.5	98	68.5
Hobbies
Hobbies	36	19.5	149	80.5	<.001	15	20.8	57	79.2	<.001	20	17.9	92	82.1	<.001
No hobbies	77	49.4	79	50.6		37	53.6	32	46.4		40	46.0	47	54.0
Subjective economic conditions
Comfortable	48	24.9	145	75.1	<.001	23	31.1	51	68.9	.094	25	21.0	94	79.0	.001
Uncomfortable	66	44.3	83	55.7		30	44.8	37	55.2		35	43.2	46	56.8

^∗Fisher exact test.