Table 2. Factors associated with the development of AMD as evaluated by Cox regression.
| Variables | Crude HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | P | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GlcN | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.507 | 0.374 | 0.688 | <0.001 | 0.756 | 0.581 | 0.919 | 0.009 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.709 | 0.869 | 1.338 | 0.491 | 1.149 | 0.909 | 1.464 | 0.286 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Age group (yrs) | ||||||||
| 50–59 | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 60–69 | 1.428 | 1.099 | 1.856 | 0.008 | 1.320 | 0.953 | 1.708 | 0.129 |
| 70–79 | 1.446 | 1.005 | 1.831 | 0.045 | 1.336 | 0.984 | 1.741 | 0.063 |
| ≧80 | 3.039 | 2.090 | 4.418 | <0.001 | 1.889 | 1.349 | 2.025 | 0.007 |
| DM | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 1.553 | 1.410 | 1.694 | <0.001 | 1.768 | 0.591 | 2.006 | 0.063 |
| HTN | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 1.646 | 1.360 | 1.598 | <0.001 | 1.847 | 0.633 | 2.096 | 0.287 |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.530 | 0.408 | 0.688 | <0.001 | 0.687 | 0.530 | 0.901 | 0.003 |
| CAD | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.356 | 0.269 | 0.471 | <0.001 | 0.576 | 0.427 | 0.787 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.413 | 0.275 | 1.260 | 0.297 | 1.122 | 0.754 | 1.894 | 0.529 |
| COPD | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 1.301 | 1.244 | 1.402 | <0.001 | 1.403 | 1.285 | 1.528 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 1.306 | 1.221 | 1.425 | <0.001 | 1.535 | 1.383 | 1.751 | <0.001 |
| Tobacco dependency | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.688 | 0.172 | 2.746 | 0.588 | 1.032 | 0.255 | 4.224 | 0.925 |
| HF | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.792 | 0.197 | 1.488 | 0.245 | 1.172 | 1.003 | 1.930 | 0.047 |
| Dementia | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.862 | 0.089 | 2.314 | 0.358 | 1.269 | 1.135 | 1.555 | <0.001 |
| Other neurological disorders | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 0.288 | 0.097 | 0.897 | 0.034 | 0.487 | 0.182 | 1.451 | 0.198 |
| Degenerative arthritis | ||||||||
| Without | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| With | 1.986 | 0.876 | 2.897 | 0.702 | 1.865 | 0.732 | 2.786 | 0.711 |
| CCI_R | 1.323 | 0.975 | 2.633 | 0.314 | 1.059 | 0.450 | 1.778 | 0.882 |
| Number of NHI claims for ophthalmic outpatient visits | 1.009 | 1.001 | 1.018 | 0.046 | 1.004 | 0.993 | 1.010 | 0.055 |
HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval, Adjusted HR: Adjusted variables listed in the table. GlcN: glucosamine; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: heart failure; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index.