Table 4. Multinomial logistic regression parameter estimates for the Diet Model.

Variable	β1	Std. Error	P-Value	OR2	95% CI3
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Age
25 to 34 years	0.032	0.267	0.904	1.033	0.612	1.743
35 to 44 years	-0.181	0.263	0.490	0.834	0.499	1.396
45 to 54 years	-0.049	0.262	0.851	0.952	0.570	1.590
55 to 64 years	-0.050	0.264	0.850	0.951	0.567	1.595
65 years or older	-0.077	0.290	0.790	0.926	0.524	1.634
18 to 24 years	.	.	.	.	.	.
Sex
Male	-0.191	0.096	0.046	0.826	0.685	0.997
Female	.	.	.	.	.	.
Country
Germany	0.337	0.144	0.019	1.401	1.057	1.856
France	-0.976	0.187	<0.0001	0.377	0.261	0.543
USA	-0.148	0.189	0.433	0.862	0.595	1.249
Canada	-0.344	0.152	0.024	0.709	0.526	0.955
UK	.	.	.	.	.	.
Type of dog
Purebred	0.005	0.096	0.958	1.005	0.833	1.213
Mixed breed	.	.	.	.	.	.
Which one of the following best reflects your own dietary routine (select all that apply)
Selected 1 option	-0.021	0.119	0.859	0.979	0.775	1.237
Selected 2–4 options	0.131	0.127	0.304	1.140	0.888	1.462
Selected 5 or more options	0.825	0.202	<0.0001	2.282	1.535	3.394
Selected no options	.	.	.	.	.	.
I try to eat grains as part of a healthy diet
0–4 (Disagree)	0.498	0.169	0.003	1.646	1.183	2.290
5 (Neutral)	0.364	0.124	0.003	1.439	1.129	1.835
6–10 (Agree)	.	.	.	.	.	.
When choosing a pet food, I look for (size, breed, age specific nutrition, digestive, weight, dental, joint, sensitive skin/stomach care)
1–3 options selected	0.054	0.149	0.718	1.056	0.788	1.415
4 or more options selected	0.212	0.176	0.227	1.236	0.876	1.744
No options selected	.	.	.	.	.	.
When choosing a pet food, I look for (poultry, beef, fish, pork, exotic protein, organic/natural, protein #1 ingredient, vegetarian/vegan, limited ingredient diet)
1–3 options selected	0.485	0.207	0.019	1.625	1.082	2.440
4 or more options selected	0.565	0.220	0.010	1.759	1.143	2.707
No options selected	.	.	.	.	.	.
When choosing a pet food, I look for …
No fillers	0.964	0.111	<0.0001	2.621	2.108	3.260
No by-products	0.440	0.111	<0.0001	1.553	1.248	1.932
Other food items (dog treats, table scraps, fruits/veggies, other) given on a daily basis
One option selected	0.054	0.109	0.619	1.056	0.853	1.307
Two or more options selected	0.364	0.131	0.006	1.439	1.113	1.862
No options selected	.	.	.	.	.	.
How important are the following items when purchasing pet food …
Ingredients
First Quartile	-1.326	0.150	<0.0001	0.266	0.198	0.357
Second Quartile	-0.827	0.136	<0.0001	0.437	0.335	0.571
Third Quartile	-0.433	0.124	<0.0001	0.649	0.509	0.827
Fourth Quartile	.	.	.	.	.	.
Importance of nutrition in terms of your dog’s overall health
2–5 (Not important/neutral)	0.273	0.348	0.433	1.314	0.664	2.598
6–10 (Important)	.	.	.	.	.	.
Age 65 plus*USA	0.300	0.266	0.259	-	-	-

¹ Estimated multinomial logistic regression coefficient

² Odds Ratio or exponentiation of the coefficient (β)

³ 95% Confidence Interval of the Odds Ratio

McFadden Pseudo R-Square = 0.17

Dependent variable categories, 1 = selected ‘no grain’, 0 = did not select ‘no grain’