Figure 4.

Hyperoside specifically promotes pollen function: representative genes in the four phases from pollen germination to seed development. A–F, APGR and APTL for control plants and plants treated with buffer or one of six flavonoids (hyperoside, rutin, isoquercetin, myricetin, quercetin-3-O-gluc, and quercetin). G, Seed production can be divided into four phases: I pollen germination; II pollen tube growth; III double fertilization; and IV seed development. H, RT-qPCR analysis of the expression of 20 representative genes upregulated by hyperoside during the four phases of seed production. The genes exhibiting the most upregulation are indicated in red. I, The relative expression of AeUF3GaT1, a key gene in seed development and flavonoid biosynthesis, during Phases I–III of seed production in control, buffer, and hyperoside treatment groups. Error bars show the standard error of the mean (sem; n = three biological replicates). *P <0.05 (Student’s t test).