Figure 1.
The ascorbate biosynthesis via GDP-D-mannose and L-galactose (the SW pathway) in A. thaliana. Yellow area refers to the cytosolic enzymes used in this work. mOM, mitochondrion outer membrane; mIMS, mitochondrion intermembrane space; mIM, mitochondrion inner membrane. In the left-hand side of the arrows, the genes encoding each enzyme are displayed, while in the right-hand side the encoded proteins/enzymatic activities are shown. Glc=glucose; Fru=fructose; Man=mannose; Gal=galactose; GalL=galactono-1,4-lactone; Asc=ascorbic acid; PGI=phosphoglucose isomerase; PMI=phosphomannose isomerase; PMM=phosphomannomutase; GMP=GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase; GME=GDP-D-mannose 3′,5′ epimerase; GGP=GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase; GPP=L-galactose 1-phosphate phosphatase; L-GalDH=L-galactose dehydrogenase; L-GalLDH=L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase; CytRED =cytochrome c reduced; CytOX =cytochrome c oxidized.