Table 1.

Means and Standard Deviations or Proportions of Variables Used in the Analyses, By Race

	Black (N=1,696)		White (N=700)		Min	Max	Sig. Diff.
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Outcome
Child Ever Suspended/Expelled Between Ages 5 and 9	0.280		0.070		0	1	***
Child Behavior Problems
Average of Teacher- and Parent-Reported Externalizing Problems Score, Age 5	11.200	6.613	10.091	6.769	0	40	***
School Racial and Socioeconomic Composition Factors
Proportion of School Enrollment Black or Hispanic at Start of Elementary School	0.801	0.259	0.317	0.277	0	1a	***
Proportion of School Enrollment Free-or-Reduced-Price Lunch (FRPL) at Start of Elementary School	0.696	0.244	0.386	0.274	0	1a	***
Family Socioeconomic and Stability Factors
Family Income-to-Poverty Ratio, Age 5	1.456	1.476	3.162	3.029	0	28	***
Mother Has Some College or College Degree, Age 1	0.305		0.556		0	1	***
Father Absent From Household at Any Wave, Age 5	0.832		0.476		0	1	***
Father has Ever Been in Jail or Prison, Age 5	0.550		0.354		0	1	***
Mother’s Age, Age 1	24.287	5.624	26.931	6.449	15	43	***
Other Child Factors
Child’s PPVT Cognitive Score, Age 5	91.260	14.590	103.101	14.689	38	140	***
Child’s Sex (Male=1), Age 1	0.519		0.526		0	1
Child’s Age (in Months), Age 9	112.274	4.563	111.731	3.781	100	130	***

Notes: Differences in means/proportions are based on two-tailed t-tests;

^***p<0.001,

^**p<0.01,

^*p<0.05,

⁺p<0.10.

^aSchool composition variables are continuous within the 0 to 1 range (i.e., they are not binary/categorical 0 or 1 variables).

^bSchool-level suspension incidence at age 9 is available only for the 82% of Black and White students attending public schools (N=1,966).

Source: Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, Waves 1–5. Sample is restricted to the 2,396 Black and White boys and girls who remained in the study from birth (wave 1) through age 9 (wave 5). Multiple imputation of 20 datasets is used to handle item-missingness on all but the dependent variable (suspension/expulsion).