Table 4.
Characteristics of the selected studies
| Study | Study design |
Sample size |
Mean age |
Sex | Insertion site |
Complication type |
Observation period |
Type of implant |
Surgical insertion procedure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrawal et al.13 (2013) |
Case report | 1 | 16 | F | Buccal alveolar bone between roots of maxillary central and lateral incisors on both sides | Alveolar bone exostoses | 2 months | 1.2 mm diameter and 8 mm length | - |
| Al-Kharsa and Masoud14 (2017) |
Case report | 1 | - | - | Lingual alveolar bone between the roots of 46–47 | - | |||
| Chen et al.24 (2011) |
Retrospsective study |
20 | 24.3 | 15 F/5 M | Interradicular bone between the bilateral maxillary second premolar and first molar | Pain following microimplant treatment | 3 months | 1.2 diameter and 8 length. Non self-drilling. Absoanchor; Dentos, Daegu, Korea | Low-speed (400–500 rpm) pilot drill handpiece (diameter, 1 mm) used to penetrate the cortical level of bone only |
| Choi et al.15 (2015) |
Case report | 1 | 20 | F | Interdental alveolar bone, distal to the maxillary canines at the mucogingival junction | Scar lesion at the miniscrew removal site | 3 months | Two self-drilling orthodontic miniscrews (1016107; Ortholution, Seoul, Korea) | - |
| Er et al.16 (2011) |
Case report | 1 | 22 | F | Bilaterally behind the incisive canal in the palatal interradicular spaces between the lateral incisor and canine | Periradicular lesion caused by unintentional root damage | 10 months | Aarthus Anchorage System; MediconeG, Tuttlingen, Germany. 1.5 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length | - |
| Fabbroni et al.34 (2004) |
Prospective study | 55 | 16–52 | 54 M/1 F | Interradicular space in mandible and maxilla | Minor and major contact of adjacent teeth; loss of vitality, granulation tissue | 7 months | Transalveolar screws: 2.0 mm titanium capstan headed screws | - |
| Fäh and Schätzle25 (2014) |
Retrospective study | 146 | 19.5 years (implantations); 22.8 years (explantations) | 104 implantations (33 M/71 F); 44 explantations (9 M/35 F) | Median and paramedian | Complication associated with the implantation: no primary stability, prolonged pain, secondary bleeding, perforation of nasal floor, necrotic mucosa, sensory impairment | - | Palatal implant (Orthosystem; Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland). Self-tapping | Placed according to the Straumann guidelines for respective palatal implants. After local anesthesia, the palatal mucosa was either removed with a punch and an elevator or by open flap technique. After marking the center of the site with round drill, the hole was drilled by spiral drills. The self-tapping implant was inserted by hand with a ratchet. After the orthodontic treatment the palatal implant was removed using trephin |
| Complication associated with the explantation: disturbed wound healing, perforation of nasal floor, secondary bleeding, fracture of the implant | |||||||||
| Ghislanzoni et al.17 (2016) |
Case report | 1 | 11 | M | Insertion of palatal miniscrew at the height of the second palatal rugae | Anchorage and bone loss around insertion site | 14 months | 6 mm miniscrew (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) | - |
| Gracco et al.36 (2010) |
Case series | 4 | 24.3 | 3 F/1 M | Buccal insertion either between the second premolar and the first molar or between the first and second molars, at a 45° angle to the occlusal plane | Protrusion of the screw into sinus | - | Orthodontic miniscrews (Vector TAS; Ormco, Brea, CA, USA) of different lengths and diameters | - |
| Gurdan and Szalma26 (2018) |
Retrospective study | 47 | - | F | Palate, buccal fold, ascending ramus | Peri-implant inflammation in bone and in soft tissue, screw fracture | 2 years | One or more self-drilling mini-screws (Jeil Dual Top Anchor System; Jeil Medical Corp., Seoul, Korea) with a dimension of 1.6 mm × 8 mm | Every screw was placed hand driven with the screwdriver tool of the mini-implant system |
| Hourfar et al.27 (2017) |
Retrospective study | 284 | 14.4 years (± 8.8) |
182 F/102 M | Paramedian insertion in the anterior palate: at second rugae (76); between second and third rugae (24); at third rugae (468) | Loss to pulp sensibility testing (PST) of maxillary front teeth | - | OrthoEasy®, Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany (1.7 mm diameter, length 8 mm); anodized surface and features a self-tapping and cutting design (Ti-6Al-4 V) | OMIs inserted without soft tissue incision or pre-drilling, perpendicularto the bone surface, using a motorised dentalhandpiece at an insertion speed of 60 RPM. Torque limitationwas 30 Ncm |
| Hwang and Hwang18 (2011) |
Case report | 1 | 46 | M | Interradicular area between the central and lateral incisors | Root perforation of mandibular lateral incisor | 1 year | ||
| Jia et al.28 (2018) |
Retrospective study | 32 | 28 ± 6 years | 10 M/22 F | Infrazygomatic crest | Penetration of infrazygomatic crest miniimplants into the sinus | 13 months | Self-drilling mini-implants (A1, Penghua, Taiwan; stainless steel, 2 mm in diameter, 12–17 mm in length according to the individual anatomic variation). The mean length of the mini-implant was 14 mm, and the mean embedded angulation was 29.6° | Incision in the buccal keratinized gingiva near the mucogingival junction of the maxillary first molar, limited to less than 2 mm. A hand screwdriver used for mini-implant insertion |
| Jung et al.29 (2015) |
Study cohort | 66 | F: 28.5 ± 10.02 years; M: 28.9 ± 8.87 years |
52 F/14 M | Buccolingual insertion sites: maxillary buccal and mandibular buccal (within the attached gingiva, at the mucogingival junction, or within the alveolar mucosa), palatal slope, and midpalatal regions | Soft tissue scarring | 6–58 months |
Two types of selfdrilling Miniscrew: cylindrical type (1.5 mm indiameter, 7 mm in length; ACR OAS-T1507, BiomaterialsKorea, Seoul, Korea) or combined cylindricaland tapered type (1.8 mm in diameter, 7 mm in length;Orlus Classic 1O18107, Ortholution, Seoul, Korea) | Hand driver used to insert and remove miniscrew |
| Lee et al.19 (2016) |
Case report | 1 | 21 | F | Interradicular area, mesial and apical to the left maxillary second premolars | Root perforation | 3 years | 1.5 × 8.0 mm, Biomaterials Korea, Seoul, Korea. Miniscrew’s sharp drilling tip | - |
| Lim et al.23 (2013) |
Case report | 1 | 44 | M | Buccal and palatal interradicular attached gingiva between the left maxillary first and second molars | Root damage | 3 years | 1.8 mm in diameter and 7-mm long (Orlus 1O18107; Orlus Korea, Seoul, Korea) | Miniscrews inserted using the self-drilled manual method |
| Marquezan et al.20 (2012) |
Case report | 1 | - | - | Interradicular between the maxillarycentral incisors | Traumatic lesion in the frenulum | - | - | - |
| McCabe and Kavanagh21 (2012) |
Case report | 1 | 25 | F | Interradicular area between the maxillary second premolar and first molar tooth | Root perforation, miniscrew’s tip fractured | 5 years | Two self-screwing 8-mm long 1.3–1.2 mm tapered miniscrews | Round bur used to mark the attached buccal mucosa and cortical bone |
| Motoyoshi et al.32 (2015) |
Prospective study | 45 | 23.3 ± 8.9 years | 28 F/17 M | Maxillary alveolar bone between second premolar and first molar | Maxillary sinus perforation | - | Self-drill miniscrews (ISA orthodontic anchor screw; diameter, 1.6 mm; length, 8 mm; Biodent, Tokyo, Japan) | A hand screwdriver used to place the miniscrew without a pilot hole so that it was inclined at 40° to 60° from vertical to the adjacent tooth axis |
| Qin et al.22 (2016) |
Case report | 1 | 23 | F | Between the root apices of the maxillary central incisors | Pink discoloration of the tooth and no response to EPT suggesting pulp necrosis | 15 months | One 6-mm-long, 1.6-mm-diameter ‘Tomas’ miniscrew implant | - |
| Shinohara et al.33 (2013) |
Prospective study | 50 | 21.8 ± 5.7 | 35 F/15 M | Buccal alveolar bone between roots of maxillary central and lateral incisors on both sides | Root contact by mini implants | - | Commercial mini-implants (diameter, 1.6 mm; length, 8 mm; ISA orthodontic mini-implants; Biodent, Tokyo, Japan) | A pilot hole drilled in the buccal alveolar bone between the second premolar and the first molar of the maxilla or the mandible without creation of a flap. The pilot hole inclined 45° to 60° vertically to the adjacent tooth axis |
| Takaki et al.30 (2010) |
Retrospective study | 455 | M: 23.8 ± 9.2 years; F: 26.2 ± 9.9 years | 97 M/358 F | Mini andmicroscrew: mandible (anterior alveolar region, posterior alveolar region, external oblique ridge, retro-molar region), maxilla (anterior alveolar region, posterior alveolar region, posterior alveolar palate region, median suture, paramedian suture, maxillary zygomatic butress); PIAS: mandible (posterior alveolar region, retro-molar region), maxilla (anterior alveolar region, median suture, paramedian suture) | Acute and chronic inflammation (granulation tissue) of the soft tissue surrounding implant | - | Two different self-drilling titanium miniscrew implant systems (Dualtop autoscrew; Jeil Medical Corp., Seoul, Korea; OSAS; DEWIMED Co. Ltd., Tuttlingen, Germany), one pre-drilling microimplant system (K1 system; Dentsply-Sankin, Tokyo, Japan) and a palatal implant anchorage system (PIAS, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan) | Micro- and mini-implants inserted into the gingival or palate and placed according to their manifacturers’ protocols |
| Wang et al.35 (2010) |
Preliminary report | 54 | 21.8 years | 34 F/20 M | Buccal alveolar bone between the second premolar and first molar, between the first and second molars, between the second and third molars. Three angulations: 10–30°, 30–60°, 60–80°. Two different occlusogingival position: less than 3 mm from the mucogingival line, more than 3 mm from the mucoginigval line | Buccal mucosal lesion and trauma associated to miniscrew | 5 years | Aarthus miniscrews (prism shaped head, 3 mm in diameter and 2.3 mm long) | - |
| Ziebura et al.31 (2012) |
Retrospective study | 41 | 15.1 years | 19 M/22 F | Recommended location and slight deviation: half of the distance of the perpendicular line segment from raphe to the palatal cusp tip of the first bicuspid | Overgrowth, defined as the partial or complete covering of the implant head by soft tissue, palatal mucosa | 6 months | Screws with necks of 3 or 5 mm; thread 8 mm long and 2 mm in diameter | Insertion using a surgical handpiece |
F, female; M, male; OMI, orthodontic miniscrew implant; EPT, electric pulp testing.