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TAMs exert an immune regulation effect and can be pharmacologically targeted. TAMs and CCA cells express PD-L1 which interact with PD-1 on CTLs thus dampen the anti-tumor immunity. The CD47-SIRPα interaction of TAMs and CCA can also help CCA to escape phagocytosis. Combination of TAMs reprogramming with immunotherapies may have a cooperative effect in CCA treatment.
