Table 1.
TAMs infiltrate in CCA sites and are correlated with prognosis.
| CCA type | Sample number | TAMs location | Marker | Prognostic value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCA | 44 | Leading edge of tumor tissues and perivascular areas | MAC387 CD14 CD16 |
An expansion of the CD14+CD16+ monocyte in peripheral blood of CCA have tumor-promoting characteristics and was associated with tumor origin, high density of MAC387-positive TAMs and poor prognosis of patients | [35] |
| CCA | 43 | Tumor tissue | CD68 CD163 |
A high density of the M2-TAMs CCA in patients is significantly associated with the presence of extrahepatic metastases | [38] |
| CCA | 50 | Leading edge and perivascular areas of tumors | MAC387 | High densities of MAC387-positive cells were detected in more than 60% of the CCA tissues, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis parameters | [40] |
| CCA |
23 | Tumor front |
CD163 | CD163 progressively increased along with tumor grade (G2/G3 > G1) and was significantly associated with CCA pathological grade as well as CA19-9 serum marker | [17] |
| iCCA | 322 (tissue microarrays) | Tumor tissue | CD68 CD86 CD206 |
High CD86+ and low CD206+ TAMs infiltration was significantly correlated with certain favorable tumor clinicopathologic features and better prognosis in iCCA patients, when compared to low CD86+ and high CD206+ TAMs infiltration. CD86+/CD206+ TAMs model was an independent prognostic indicator for iCCA, especially in CA19-9 negative patients | [13] |
| iCCA | 39 | Tumor tissue | CD68 CD163 |
High counts of CD163+ macrophages showed poor disease-free survival | [39] |
| iCCA | 88 | Tumor invasive front | CD68 | high levels of TAMs in tumor invasive front or absence of histologic tumor necrosis are associated with a significantly improved recurrence-free and overall survival of patients with iCCA | [41] |
| hCCA | 47 | Tumor and tumor invasive front | Tie2 | TEMs in tumor and tumor invasive front correlated with increased survival and lower tumor recurrence | [16] |
| hCCA | 47 | Tumor invasive front | CD68 | Patients with high density of TAMs in tumor invasive front showed significantly higher local and overall tumor recurrence, decreased overall and recurrence-free survival | [37] |
| eCCA | 101 | Tumor tissue | CD163 | High number of tumor infiltrating CD163+ macrophages were significantly associated with poorly-differentiated histology and nodal metastasis | [36] |