Table 2.
Linear regression model results for social environmental stressors, with and without exposure to greenspace redevelopment interaction, on subjective sleep quality.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI)a | |
| Explanatory variables | ||||||||||
| Everyday discrimination | 0.17 (0.02, 0.33)* | 0.19 (0.01, 0.38)* | 0.22 (0.10, 0.33)** | |||||||
| Everyday discrimination × exposed | −0.05 (−0.29 0.19) | |||||||||
| Heightened vigilance | 0.26 (0.01, 0.51)* | 0.27 (−0.04, 0.57) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.17) | |||||||
| Heightened vigilance × exposed | −0.01 (−0.44, 0.42) | |||||||||
| Housing unaffordability | ||||||||||
| Moved due to concerns of afford rent | −0.07 (−6.75, 6.61) | 5.16 (−1.99. 12.31) | 2.50 (−2.36, 7.36) | −7.75 (−10.57, −4.93)** | ||||||
| Moved due to concerns of eviction | 6.07 (0.36, 11.77)* | 6.07 (0.36, 11.77)* | 9.43 (4.53, 14.33)** | 2.82 (1.20, 4.45)* | ||||||
| Moved due to concerns of afford rent × exposed | −5.23 (−16.41, 5.95) | |||||||||
| Moved due to concerns of eviction × exposed | −7.83 (−16.63, 0.97) | |||||||||
| Financial strain | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.90 (−4.57, 8.37) | −4.47 (−15.32, 6.38) | −14.35 (−17.04, −11.67)*** | |||||||
| Medium | 1.83 (−4.60, 8.27) | −6.79 (−18.09, 4.50) | −16.35 (−17.04, −11.67)*** | |||||||
| High | 2.63 (−2.74, 8.00) | −4.98 (−16.37, 6.38) | −17.16 (−20.15, −14.16)*** | |||||||
| Financial strain × exposed | ||||||||||
| Low | 9.37 (−2.03, 20.76) | 20.25 (16.71, 23.79)*** | ||||||||
| Medium | 12.79 (1.36, 24.21)* | 20.69 (17.89, 23.49)*** | ||||||||
| High | 11.79 (−0.86, 24.44) | 28.29 (21.82, 37.75)*** | ||||||||
| Covariates | ||||||||||
| Exposed | 1.32 (−1.44, 4.08) | 1.91 (−1.57, 5.40) | 0.95 (−1.81, 3.70) | 1.03 (−2.72, 4.79) | −0.92 (−4.90, 3.06) | −0.92 (−4.90, 3.06) | −0.95 (−4.78, 2.87) | 0.73 (−4.74, 6.21) | −7.64 (−16.89, 1.62) | −12.60 (−13.99, −11.21)*** |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 23–27 | −1.59 (−7.88, 4.71) | −1.51 (−7.89, 4.87) | −1.37(−8.23, 5.49) | −1.42 (−8.66, 5.82) | −3.27 (−11.15, 4.61) | −3.27 (−11.15, 4.61) | −2.72 (−10.38, 4.95) | −3.55 (−12.56, 5.46) | −2.46 (−10.57, 5.65) | 1.29 (−2.07, 4.66) |
| 28–32 | 0.76 (−3.73, 5.25) | 0.89 (−3.70, 5.48) | 1.46 (−3.33, 6.26) | 1.42 (−3.76, 6.60) | 1.06 (−5.04, 7.17) | 1.06 (−5.04, 7.17) | 1.14 (−4.78, 7.06) | 1.36 (−5.73, 8.44) | 2.24 (−4.28, 8.76) | 3.07 (1.33, 4.82)* |
| 33–37 | 0.74 (−5.60, 7.08) | 1.14 (−5.56, 7.83) | 1.09 (−5.88, 8.05) | 1.08 (−5.93, 8.09) | −2.98 (−10.67, 4.70) | −2.98 (−10.67, 4.70) | −1.79 (−8.85, 5.26) | 0.92 (−9.57, 11.41) | −1.36 (−12.37, 9.65) | −4.40 (−7.72, −1.08)* |
| 38–42 | −1.98 (−9.48, 5.51) | −1.69 (−9.42, 6.04) | −2.31 (−9.83, 5.21) | −2.36 (−10.44, 5.71) | −2.21 (−10.47, 6.06) | −2.21 (−10.47, 6.06) | −1.62 (−9.70, 6.46) | −1.80 (−12.13, 8.52) | −2.04 (−10.12, 6.04) | −1.54 (−4.93, 1.86) |
| 43–47 | 2.15 (−3.44, 7.74) | 2.34 (−3.38, 8.06) | 0.87 (−5.26, 7.00) | 0.81 (−6.20, 7.81) | −1.911 (−7.49, 3.67) | −1.911 (−7.49, 3.67) | −2.30 (−7.70, 3.10) | 0.25 (−9.89, 10.39) | 0.58 (−8.06, 9.22) | 2.43 (−0.12, 4.99) |
| 48–52 | 1.81 (−4.64, 8.25) | 2.01 (−4.66, 8.68) | 1.89 (−5.00, 8.78) | 1.84 (−5.21, 8.90) | 0.87 (−5.46, 7.19) | 0.87 (−5.46, 7.19) | 1.22 (−5.05, 7.49) | 0.60 (−8.06, 9.26) | −1.29 (−7.81, 5.22) | 0.64 (−1.33, 2.63) |
| 53–57 | −1.19 (−7.81, 5.44) | −0.91 (−7.82, 6.00) | 0.24 (−6.52, 7.00) | 0.21 (−6.56, 6.98) | −0.86 (−6.93, 5.21) | −0.86 (−6.93, 5.21) | −0.78 (−6.98, 5.43) | 0.53 (−9.49, 10.55) | −0.46 (−8.38, 7.46) | −4.57 (−7.18, −1.95)* |
| 58–62 | −2.17 (−6.66, 2.33) | −1.91 (6.77, 2.95) | −1.25 (−5.50, 3.00) | −1.27 (−5.66, 3.12) | −0.83 (−6.80, 5.14) | −0.83 (−6.80, 5.14) | −0.81 (−6.80, 5.14) | −0.52 (−7.26, 6.23) | −0.58 (−9.04, 7.88) | −10.02 (−16.45, −3.59)* |
| 63–67 | 0.38 (−6.20, 6.95) | 0.64 (−6.11, 7.38) | −4.50 (−11.71, 2.71) | −4.58 (−12.80, 3.64) | NE | NE | NE | −2.40 (−11.83, 7.03) | −1.23 (−9.26, 6.80) | NE |
| 68–72 | 2.15 (−5.36, 9.65) | 2.46 (−5.15, 10.06) | 2.30 (−4.82, 9.43) | 2.29 (−4.98, 9.55) | 5.23 (−5.95, 16.41) | 5.23 (−5.95, 16.41) | NE | 1.16 (−11.48, 13.80) | −1.20 (−12.09, 9.69) | 13.37 (10.45, 16.28)*** |
| 73–77 | 0.60 (−6.46, 7.65) | 0.88 (−6.27, 8.02) | 0.84 (−6.52, 8.20) | 0.81 (−6.68, 8.31) | 3.08 (−2.97, 9.13) | 3.08 (−2.97, 9.13) | 3.08 (−2.97, 9.13) | −2.10 (−12.99, 8.79) | −0.75 (−9.78, 8.29) | NE |
| 83 and over | −0.07 (−6.68, 6.55) | 0.28 (−6.84, 7.41) | 0.87 (−5.43, 7.16) | 0.86 (−5.52, 7.23) | NE | NE | NE | 1.48 (−12.63, 15.59) | −4.13 (−19.50, 11.25) | NE |
| Gender (men) | −1.72 (−4.65, 1.21) | −1.54 (−4.74, 1.65) | −1.79 (−4.69, 1.12) | −1.77 (−4.78, 1.23) | 0.08 (−3.54, 3.71) | 0.08 (−3.54, 3.71) | 0.08 (−3.54, 3.71) | −1.04 (−5.53, 3.45) | −3.25 (−6.99, 0.50) | −4.95 (−6.07, −3.83)*** |
| Education (higher than HS diploma) | −1.43 (−5.10, 2.25) | −1.48 (−5.16, 2.20) | −0.13 (−4.33, 4.08) | −0.13 (−4.33, 4.08) | 0.22 (−5.03, 5.46) | 0.22 (−5.03, 5.46) | 0.22 (−5.03, 5.46) | 0.05 (−7.10, 7.20) | −0.76 (−6.79, 5.26) | −3.02 (−5.06, −0.97)* |
| New development fits neighborhood | −3.18 (−6.52, 0.16) | −3.12 (−6.40, 0.17) | −3.85* (−7.24, −0.47) | −3.84* (−7.28, −0.40) | −2.79 (−7.17, 1.59) | −2.79 (−7.17, 1.59) | −2.79 (−7.17, 1.59) | −3.34 (−8.39, 1.71) | −5.73* (−9.80, −1.67) | −8.15 (−9.25, −7.05)*** |
| Neighborhood improved | 1.71 (−1.36, 4.78) | 1.74 (−1.29, 4.76) | 2.41 (−0.78, 5.60) | 2.41 (−0.86, 5.67) | 2.02 (−5.03, 5.46) | 2.02 (−1.29, 5.33) | 2.02 (−1.29, 5.33) | 0.94 (−3.03, 4.91) | 1.60 (−2.06, 5.26) | 0.59 (−0.59, 1.78) |
| Constant | 8.02 (2.33, 13.71)* | 7.49 (1.21, 13.77)* | 6.77 (0.23, 13.30)* | 6.76 (0.20, 13.32)* | 9.62, (3.10, 16.15)* | 9.62 (3.10, 16.15)* | 9.62, (3.10, 16.15)* | 7.82 (−3.99, 19.62) | 16.62 (1.72, 31.52)* | 24.84 (21.05, 28.62)*** |
| Observations | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 43 | 43 | 30 |
| R2 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.99 |
| Adjusted Wald test | ** | * | * | * | * | ** | ** | *** | ||
Note all estimates account for cluster sampling design. Differences in observations are due to missing data. For Model 3, the sample size is smaller due to this question only being asked to renters and not homeowners.
NE not estimable, CI confidence intervals.
β = regression coefficients; × represents interaction between social environmental stressor and being exposed to greenspace redevelopment.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
aModels with interaction variable (i.e., exposed to greenspace redevelopment).