Table 4.

Overall intervention effects on the patient-reported outcomes in prostate cancer patients.

Outcomes	Analysis	n	Sample	Mean difference	95% CI	I2	Mean difference P value
Fatigue
Overalla	Allb	12	896	−0.3	−0.4 to −0.2	0%	<0.001
	Low riskb	12	896	−0.3	−0.4 to −0.2	0%	<0.001
FACT-F, ptsb	Allb	6	474	3.9	2.6 to 5.3	0%	<0.001
	Low riskb	4	365	4.1	2.8 to 5.4	0%	<0.001
EORTC QLQ-C30Fatigue	All	5	396	−5.2	−10.1 to −0.2	31%	0.040
	Low risk	5	396	−5.2	−10.1 to −0.2	31%	0.040
MFSI-SF	Alld	1	20	−4.2	−17.6 to 9.2	–	–
	Low riskd	1	20	−4.2	−17.6 to 9.2	–	–
FACIT-Fatigue	Alld	2	113	3.6	1.2 to 6.0	–	–
	Low riskd	2	113	3.6	1.2 to 6.0	–	–
BFI	Alld	1	26	−0.8	−2.6 to 1.0	–	–
	Low riskd	–	–	–	–	–	–
Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale	Alld	1	51	5.5	−3.1 to 14.0	–	–
	Low riskd	1	51	5.5	−3.1 to 14.0	–	–
Quality of life
Overalla	Allb	12	846	0.2	0.0 to 0.4	28%	0.014
	Low riskb	11	716	0.2	0.0 to 0.4	32%	0.018
FACT-G	Allb	4	187	4.4	1.7 to 7.2	0%	0.002
	Low riskb	3	150	4.7	1.7 to 7.8	0%	0.002
FACT-P	Allb	6	396	4.8	3.1 to 6.5	12%	<0.001
	Low riskb	5	359	6.3	3.8 to 8.7	0%	<0.001
SF-36Physical health composite	All	5	293	0.8	−0.7 to 2.3	45%	0.291
	Low risk	5	293	0.8	−0.7 to 2.3	45%	0.291
SF-36Physical functioning	Allb	5	287	1.9	0.7 to 3.2	0%	0.003
	Low risk	5	287	1.9	0.7 to 3.2	0%	0.003
SF-36Role physical	All	4	239	2.2	0.3 to 4.2	0%	0.025
	Low risk	4	239	2.2	0.3 to 4.2	0%	0.025
SF-36Bodily pain	All	4	239	−0.2	−2.5 to 2.1	16%	0.843
	Low risk	4	239	−0.2	−2.5 to 2.1	16%	0.843
SF-36General health	All	4	239	1.8	−0.5 to 4.0	30%	0.131
	Low risk	4	239	1.8	−0.5 to 4.0	30%	0.131
SF-36Mental health composite	Allb	4	239	2.9	1.2 to 4.7	0%	0.001
	Low riskb	4	239	2.9	1.2 to 4.7	0%	0.001
SF-36Vitality	Allb,c	6	450	0.2	−0.7 to 1.1	21%	0.655
	Low riskb	6	450	0.2	−0.7 to 1.1	21%	0.655
SF-36Social functioning	All	4	239	4.7	2.7 to 6.6	0%	<0.001
	Low risk	4	239	4.7	2.7 to 6.6	0%	<0.001
SF-36Role emotional	All	4	239	0.9	−1.0 to 2.8	0%	0.371
	Low risk	4	239	0.9	−1.0 to 2.8	0%	0.371
SF-36Mental Health	All	4	239	2.4	0.8 to 4.0	0%	0.004
	Low risk	4	239	2.4	0.8 to 4.0	0%	0.004
EORTC QLQ-C30Global	All	4	310	−0.1	−5.1 to 4.9	44%	0.980
	Low risk	3	180	−1.3	−8.5 to 6.0	50%	0.731
EORTC QLQ-C30Physical functioning	Allc	4	310	1.9	−0.6 to 4.5	35%	0.138
	Low risk	3	180	3.1	−0.3 to 6.4	27%	0.073
EORTC QLQ-C30Role functioning	All	4	310	5.0	−0.6 to 10.6	44%	0.080
	Low risk	3	106	8.5	−0.2 to 17.3	45%	0.057
EORTC QLQ-C30Emotional functioning	Allb	3	180	6.1	1.0 to 11.2	5%	0.020
	Low risk	3	180	6.1	1.0 to 11.2	5%	0.020
EORTC QLQ-C30Cognitive functioning	All	4	310	4.9	1.7 to 8.1	39%	0.003
	Low risk	3	180	6.2	0.5 to 11.9	29%	0.034
EORTC QLQ-C30Social functioning	All	4	310	3.4	−1.7 to 8.4	0%	0.190
	Low risk	3	180	3.5	−2.9 to 10.0	0%	0.282
EORTC QLQ-C30Nausea and vomiting	All	3	180	−1.8	−4.1 to 0.5	14%	0.128
	Low risk	3	180	−1.8	−4.1 to 0.5	14%	0.128
EORTC QLQ-C30Pain	All	3	180	−4.3	−11.6 to 3.1	21%	0.258
	Low risk	3	180	−4.3	−11.6 to 3.1	21%	0.258
EORTC QLQ-C30Dyspnoea	All	3	180	−8.8	−16.0 to −1.6	0%	0.016
	Low risk	3	180	−8.8	−16.0 to −1.6	0%	0.016
EORTC QLQ-C30Insomnia	All	3	180	−5.0	−15.6 to 5.6	32%	0.358
	Low risk	3	180	−5.0	−15.6 to 5.6	32%	0.358
EORTC QLQ-C30Appetite loss	All	3	180	−0.5	−4.5 to 3.4	6%	0.789
	Low risk	3	180	−0.5	−4.5 to 3.4	6%	0.789
EORTC QLQ-C30Constipation	All	3	180	1.5	−3.7 to 6.8	0%	0.567
	Low risk	3	180	1.5	−3.7 to 6.8	0%	0.567
EORTC QLQ-C30Diarrhoea	All	3	180	0.8	−9.3 to 10.8	56%	0.878
	Low risk	3	180	0.8	−9.3 to 10.8	56%	0.878
EORTC QLQ-C30Finance	Alld	2	107	−0.9	−7.7 to 5.9	–	–
	Low riskd	2	107	−0.9	−7.7 to 5.9	–	–
Depression
Overalla	All	4	239	−0.2	−0.5 to 0.0	0%	0.091
	Low risk	3	109	−0.3	−0.7 to 0.0	0%	0.077
CES-D	Alld	2	156	−1.9	−3.8 to −0.1	–	–
	Low riskd	1	26	−2.8	−8.9 to 3.3	–	–
BSI-18Depression	Alld	2	83	−1.2	−2.1 to −0.2	–	–
	Low riskd	2	83	−1.2	−2.1 to −0.2	–	–
Anxiety
Overalla	All	3	212	−0.3	−0.5 to 0.0	0%	0.071
	Low riskd	2	83	−0.1	−0.5 to 0.3	–	–
BSI-18Anxiety	Alld	2	83	−0.5	−1.2 to 0.2	–	–
	Low riskd	2	83	−0.5	−1.2 to 0.2	–	–
MAX-PC	Alld	1	129	2.5	0.4 to 4.6	–	–
	Low riskd	–	–	–	–	–	–

Questionnaires reverse scaled (High scores—Less fatigue).

BFI Brief Fatigue Inventory, BSI-18 Brief Symptom Inventory-18, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale, EORTC QLQ-C30 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30, FACIT Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, FACT-F Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Fatigue, FACT-G Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General, FACT-P Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Prostate, MAX-PC Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer, MFSI-SF Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form, n number of comparisons, SF-36 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.

^aAnalysis performed using standardized mean difference effect.

^bAdjustment after sensitivity analysis omitting one study at a time.

^cTrim-and-fill adjustment after significant effect of publication bias in Egger’s test (P < 0.1).

^dInsufficient data for analysis.