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. 2021 May 19;11:10585. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90163-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D printed phantom with 1 × 4 × 3 mm³ wells for measuring aluminum powder in the X-ray fan beam coded aperture imaging system. (a) Photograph of the phantom. (b) X-ray transmission scan of phantom, showing aluminum powder in the left well of each step with right wells empty. (c) XRD scatter rings of aluminum (empty PLA well subtracted) without a coded aperture, acquired when fan beam was at the location of the red line in (b), showing distinct rings with higher intensity scatter of X-rays. (d) Encoded XRD scatter (from aluminum and PLA) passing through a coded aperture, creating spatially unique modulations that can be utilized to reconstruct XRD spectra along the fan beam. (e) XRD spectra of aluminum powder measured by inputting the data from (d) into a reconstruction algorithm based on the modeled physics of the imaging system, demonstrating accurate identification and measurement of aluminum in the phantom. MATLAB (v2020a) was used for the visual display of all X-ray data presented within this figure and all other figures.