Table 3.
Characteristics of participants in the included studies.
| Study Author, Year | Sample size | Age (range) | Gender | Chronic diseases/comorbidities | Clinical severity n (%) |
Signs and symptoms (n %) | Treatment n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cai et al. (2020) | 417 | 47 years (33–59)a | Male: 81 (36%); Female: 336 (64%) | Diabetes: 12 (5%); Hypertension: 25 (11%); Liver disease: 4 (1.8%) | Mild: 326 (78.2); Severe: 91 (21.8) | Fever: 147 (65.3); Cough 73 (32.4) | NR |
| Qiu et al. (2020) | 1 | 56 years | Female | Decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis with a history of gastric varices | Severe | Abdominal pain, fever and diarrhoea | Empiric antibiotic (Zosyn and Vancomycin), intravenous hydration |
| Schattenberg et al. (2020) | 44 | 68 years (range 23–86)a | Male: 30 (68%); Female: 14 (32%); | NR | NR | Dyspnoea, fever and cough | Hydroxychloroquine, Protease inhibitor and Antibiotics |
| Meszaros et al. (2020) | 244 | 67 ± 14 years | Male: 149 (63.7%); Female: 95 (36.3%); | Arterial hypertension, Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, Malignancy Immunosuppression and Chronic alcohol consumption | NR | NR | ACEI/ARB B-blockers, Diuretics, Calcium channel blocking agent |
| Qi Wang et al. (2020) | 105 | 45 years (33.5–59.5)a | Male: 56 (53.3%); Female: 49 (46.7%); | Hypertension, Diabetes | Mild: 79 (48.1%); Severe: 26 (69.2%) | Fever and respiratory distress | Antipyretic, nutritional support, recombinant human interferon α-2b, lopinavir ritonavir tablet, reduced glutathione and compound glycyrrhizin |
| Shasha Li et al. (2020) | 159 | 43 years | Male: 90 (56.6%); Female: 69 (44.4%); | Chronic hepatitis B virus, HBV-related cirrhosis, Hypertension, Diabetes, Coronary heart disease and fatty liver | Mild: 125 (78.6%); Severe: 34 (21.4%); | Fever | lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine |
| Fan et al. (2020) | 148 | 50 years (36–64)a | Male: 73 (50.7%); Female: 75 (50.7%); | NR | Mild: 92 (62.2%); Severe: 10 (6.8%) |
Fever 127 (85.8%) Cough 67 (45.3%) Expectoration 38 (26.7%) Diarrhea 6 (4.1%) Nausea and vomiting 3 (2.0%) Asymptomatic 5 (3.4%) With other liver diseases 9 (6.1%) |
Antibiotics Antiviral Arbidol Oseltamivir Antipyretic analgesics |
| Cui et al. (2020) | 1 | 55 days old | Female: 1 | NR | NR | Rhinorrhoea and a dry cough | Inhaled interferon α-1b (15 μg, bid), amoxicillin potassium clavulanate (30 mg/kg, q8h, intravenous glucose tolerance test [IVGTT]), reduced glutathione, ursodeoxycholic acid, and traditional Chinese medicine lotus qingwen |
| Fan et al. (2020) | 148 | 50 yearsb | Male 73 (49.3%); Female 75 (50.7%) | NR | NR | Fever 127 (85.8%); Cough 67 (45.3%); Expectoration 38 (26.7%); diarrhoea 6 (4.1%); Nausea and vomiting 3 (2.0%); Asymptomatic 5 (3.4%); other liver diseases 9 (6.1%) | Antibiotics: 50 (68%); Antiviral: 39 (50.8%); Arbidol: 13 (15.8%); Oseltamivir: 27 (36.5%); Antipyretic and analgesics: 14 (17.3%); No medication: 69 (94.3%) |
| Li et al. (2020) | 25 | 73 years (55–100)a | Male: 10 (40%); Female: 15 (60%) | Hypertension: 16 (64%); Diabetes: 10 (40%); Heart diseases: 8 (32%); Kidney diseases: 5 (20%); Cerebral infarction: 4 (16%), Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 25 (8%); Malignant tumours: 2 (8%) and acute pancreatitis: 1 (4%) | NR | NR | NR |
| Qian et al. (2020) | 324 | 51 years (15–88)a | Males: 167 (51.5%) | HBsAg positive: 20 (6.2%); Fatty Liver: 70 (21.6%) | NR | NR | NR |
| Wang et al. (2020) | 339 | 69 years (65–76)a | Male: 166 (49%); Female: 173 (51%) | Hypertension: 138 (40.8%); Diabetes 54 (16.0%); Cardiovascular disease: 53 (15.7%); Cerebrovascular disease: 21 (6.2%); Chronic kidney disease: 13 (3.8%); Chronic liver disease: 2 (0.6%); COPD: 21 (6.2%); Malignancy: 15 (4.4%); Autoimmune disease: 5 (1.5%); Bacterial Infection 143 (42.8%); AKI 27 (8.1%); ARDS 71 (21.0%); Liver Enzyme Abnormalities 96 (28.7%); Acute cardiac injury 70 (21.0%); Arrhythmia 35 (10.4%); Cardiac insufficiency 58 (17.4%); Shock 8 (2.4%) | Moderate: 100 (29.5); Severe: 159 (46.9); Critical: 80 (23.6); | Fever 311 (92.0); Dry cough 179 (53.0); Expectoration 93 (27.5); Fatigue 135 (39.9); Anorexia 94 (27.8); Myalgia 16 (4.7); dyspnoea 138 (40.8); Pharyngalgia 13 (3.9); Diarrhoea 43 12.7); Nausea 13 (3.8); Chest tightness 88 (26.0); Dizziness 13 (3.8); Headache 12 (3.5); | NR |
| Wu et al. (2020) | 80 | 46.10 ± 15.42b | Male: 39 (48.75%); Female: 41 (51.25%) | Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: 25 (31.25%); Endocrine system diseases: 5 (6.25%); Digestive system disease 3 (3.75%): Respiratory system diseases: 1 (1.25%): Malignant tumor: 1 (1.25%); Nervous system diseases: 1 (1.25%); Chronic kidney disease: 1 (1.25%); Chronic liver disease: 1 (1.25%) | NR | NR | |
| Xie et al. (2020) | 79 | 60 years (27–87)a | Male: 44 (55.7%); Female: 35 (44.3%) | Hypertension: 14 (17.7%); Diabetes mellitus: 8 (10.1%); CHD: 7 (8.9%) | NR | NR | NR |
| Yang et al. (2020) | 92 | 69.8 ± 14.5b 30–97c | Male 49/92 (53.3%); Female 43/92 (46.7%) |
All 65/92 (70.7%); Hypertension 51/92 (56.1%); Heart disease 16/92 (20.7%); Diabetes 13/92 (18.3%); Cerebrovascular disease 10/92 (10.9%); Malignancy 4/92 (4.3%) Chronic liver disease 3/92 (3.3%); Chronic renal insufficiency 2/92 (2.2%); Haematological system disease 2/92 (2.2%); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1/92 (1.1%) |
NR | NR | NR |
| Yang et al. (2020) | 52 | 59·7 ± 13·3b | Female: 17 (33%); Male: 35 (67%) | Chronic medical illness: 21 (40%); Chronic cardiac disease: 5 (10%); Chronic pulmonary disease: 4 (8%); Cerebrovascular disease: 7 (13·5%); Diabetes: 9 (17%); Malignancy: 2 (4%); Dementia: 1 (2%); Malnutrition: 1 (2%); Acute respiratory distress syndrome: 35 (67%); Acute kidney injury: 15 (29%); Cardiac injury: 12 (23%); Liver dysfunction: 15 (29%); Hyperglycaemia: 18 (35%); Gastrointestinal haemorrhage: 2 (4%); Pneumothorax: 1 (2%); Hospital-acquired pneumonia: 6 (11·5%); Bacteraemia: 1 (2%); Urinary tract infection: 1 (2%) | NR | Fever: 51 (98%); Cough: 40 (77%); Dyspnoea: 33 (63·5%); Myalgia: 6 (11·5%); Malaise: 18 (35%); Rhinorrhoea: 3 (6%); Arthralgia: 1 (2%); Chest pain: 1 (2%); Headache: 3 (6%); Vomiting: 2 (4%) | High flow nasal cannula: 33 (63·5%); Mechanical ventilation: 37 (71%); Non-invasive MV: 29 (56%); Invasive MV: 22 (42%); Prone position ventilation: 6 (11·5%); Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: 6 (11·5%); Renal replacement therapy: 9 (17%); Vasoconstrictive agents: 18 (35%); Antiviral agents: 23 (44%); Antibacterial agents: 49 (94%); Glucocorticoids: 30 (58%); Immunoglobulin: 28 (54%) |
| Yao et al. (2020) | 40 | 22–83c; 53.87 ± 15.84b | Male: 25 (62.5%); Female: 15 (37.5%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Young et al. (2020) | 18 | 47 years (31–73)a | Male: 9 (50%); Female: 9 (50%) | Any: 5 (28%) | NR | Fever: 13 (72); Cough: 15 (83); Shortness of breath: 2 (11); Rhinorrhoea: 1 (6); Sore throat: 11 (61); diarrhoea 3 (17) | Supplemental oxygen: 6 (33%); Admission to ICU: 2 (11%); Mechanical ventilation: 1 (6%); Antiviral: 5 (27.8) |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | 115 | 49.52 ± 17.06b | Male: 49 (42.6%); Female: 66 (57.4%) | NR | Mild: 84 (73%); Severe: 31 (27%) | NR | NR |
| Guan et al. (2020) | 1099 | 47.0 (35.0–58.0)a | Female: 459/1096 (41.9); Male: 637/1096 (58.1) | Any: 261 (23.7); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 12 (1.1); Diabetes: 81 (7.4); Hypertension: 165 (15.0); Coronary heart disease: 27 (2.5); Cerebrovascular disease: 15 (1.4); Hepatitis B infection: 23 (2.1); Cancer: 10 (0.9); Chronic renal disease: 8 (0.7): Immunodeficiency: 2 (0.2) | NR | Fever: 473/1081 (43.8); Conjunctival congestion: 9 (0.8); Nasal congestion 53 (4.8); Headache: 150 (13.6); Cough: 745 (67.8); Sore throat: 153 (13.9); Sputum production: 370 (33.7); Fatigue: 419 (38.1); Haemoptysis: 10 (0.9); Shortness of breath: 205 (18.7); Nausea or vomiting: 55 (5.0); diarrhoea: 42 (3.8); Myalgia or arthralgia: 164 (14.9); Chills: 126 (11.5); Throat congestion: 19 (1.7); Tonsil swelling: 23 (2.1); Enlargement of lymph nodes: 2 (0.2); Rash: 2 (0.2) | NR |
| Cai et al. (2020) | 298 | 47.5 (33–61)a | Male: 145 (48.66); Female: 155 (51.44) | T2DM: 18 (6.04); Hypertension: 47 (15.8); Cardiovascular diseases: 25 (8.39); Liver disease: 28 (9.4); Cancer: 4 (1.3) | Non-severe: 240 (80.5%); Severe: 58 (19.5%) | No symptoms: 30 (10.1); Fever: 218 (73.15); Cough: 105 (35.23); Fatigue: 13 (4.36); Headache: 5 (1.68); diarrhoea: 9 (3.02); Sore throat: 2 (0.67); Nasal congestion: 3 (1.01) | Lopinavir/ritonavir: 236 (79.2); NSAID: 121 (40.6); Corticosteroid: 91 (30.5); Gamma-globulin: 94 (31.5); Need ICU care: 30 (10.1); Invasive mechanical ventilation: 30 (10.1); Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: 3 (1.0) |
| Xu et al. (2020) | 62 | 41 (32–52)a | Male: 35 (56); Female 27 (44) | Any: 20 (32); Hypertension: 5 (8); Diabetes: 1 (2); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 1 (2); Cerebrovascular disease: 1 (2); Renal diseases: 1 (2); Liver disease: 7 (11) | NR | Fever: 48 (77); Cough: 50 (81); Myalgia or fatigue: 32 (52); Expectoration: 35 (56); Haemoptysis: 2 (3); Headache: 21 (34); Diarrhoea 3 (8) | Antiviral treatment: 55 (89); Interferon alpha inhalation: 8 (13); Lopinavir/ritonavir: 4 (6); Arbidol + interferon alpha inhalation: 1 (2); Lopinavir/ritonavir + interferon alpha inhalation: 21 (34); Arbidol + lopinavir/ritonavir: 17 (28); Arbidol + lopinavir/ritonavir + interferon alpha inhalation: 4 (6); Antibiotics: 28 (45); Corticosteroid and gamma globulin: 16 (26) |
| Mo et al. (2020) | 155 | 54 (42–66)a | Male 86 | Hypertension: 37 (23.9), Diabetes: 15 (9.7), Cardiovascular diseases: 15 (9.7), Cerebrovascular diseases: 7 (4.5), Malignancy: 7 (4.5), Chronic liver diseases: 7 (4.5), Chronic renal diseases: 6 (3.9) | Stable: 63 (40.6); Serious: 55 (35.5); Critical: 37 (23.9) | Fever: 126 (81.3); Cough: 97 (62.6); Chest distress: 61 (39.4); Fatigue: 60 (73.2); Breath shortness: 50 (32.3); Myalgia or arthralgia: 50 (61.0); Anorexia: 26 (31.7) | Oxygen: 102 (65.8); Mechanical ventilation: 36 (23.2); Expectorant: 87 (56.1); Corticosteroid: 79 (51.0); Antiviral treatment: 45 (29.0); Arbidol: 31 (20.0); Lopinavir and ritonavir: 27 (17.4); Interferon inhalation: 30 (19.4); Immune enhancer: 14 (9.0); Thymalfasin: 11 (7.1); Immunoglobulin: 9 (5.8) |
| Wang et.al. (2020) | 69 | 42 (35–62)a | Male: 32 (46%); Female 37 (54%) | Hypertension: 9 (13%); Cardiovascular disease: 8 (12%); Diabetes: 7 (10%); Malignancy: 4 (6%); Asthma: 2 (3%); Chronic hepatitis: 1 (1%) | NR | Sputum production 20 (29%); Dyspnoea 20 (29%); Oppression in chest 14 (20%); diarrhoea 10 (14%); Headache 10 (14%); Anorexia 7 (10%); Chest pain 6 (9%); Pharyngalgia 6 (9%); Dizziness 5 (7%); Palpitation 5 (7%); Vomiting 3 (4%); Cough 38 (55%); Fatigue 29 (42%); Myalgia 21 (30%) | Antiviral therapy: 66 (98.5%); Antibiotic therapy: 66 (98.5%); Antifungal therapy: 8 (11.9%); Use of corticosteroids: 10 (14.9%); Arbidol: 36 (53.7%) |
| Arentz et al. (2020) | 21 | 70b; 43-92c | Male: 11 (52%); Female 10 (48%) | Asthma: 2 (9.1); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 7 (33.3); Congestive heart failure: 9 (42.9); Diabetes: 7 (33.3); Rheumatologic disease: 1 (4.8); Obstructive sleep apnea: 6 (28.6); Chronic kidney disease: 10 (47.6); End-stage kidney disease: 2 (9.5); History of solid organ transplant: 2 (9.5); Cirrhosis 1 (4.8); Immunosuppression: (14.3) | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): none: 1 (4.8); Mild: 2 (9.5); Moderate: 6 (28.6); Severe: 12 (57.1) | Cough:11 (47.6); Shortness of breath: 17 (76.2); Fever: 11 (52.4); Temperature (range) °C: 37.6 (35.3–39.2) | Use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation: 4 (19.0): Use of high-flow oxygen therapy > 15 L/min: 1 (4.8): Required mechanical ventilation: 15 (71.0): Use of prone positioning for ARDS: 8 (50.0); Use of inhaled epoprostenol for ARDS: 5 (31.3); Use of vasopressors: 14 (67.0) |
| Zhu et al. (2020) | 116 | 40 (27‐53)a | Male: 56 (46%); Female: 65 (54%) | Hypertension: 22 (19); Diabetes: 10 (9); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 6 (5); Cerebrovascular disease: 5 (4); Mental disorder: 4 (3); Coronary heart disease: 5 (4); Tumour: 4 (3); Liver disease: 5 (4); Renal diseases: 2 (2) | NR | Fever: 84 (72); Cough: 73 (63); Myalgia or fatigue: 11 (9); Expectoration: 22 (19); Chest stuffiness: 5 (4); Haemoptysis: 1 (1); Headache: 3 (3); diarrhoea: 2 (2) | NR |
| Wan et al. (2020) | 135 | 47 (36‐55)a | Male: 72 (53.3%); Female: 63 (46.7%) | Diabetes: 12 (8.9%); Cardiovascular disease: 7 (5.2%); Hypertension: 13 (9.6); Malignancy: 4 (3.0%); Pulmonary disease: 1 (0.7%); Chronic liver disease: 2 (1.5%); Acute respiratory distress syndrome: 21 (15.6%); Acute cardiac injury: 10 (7.4%); Acute kidney injury: 5 (3.7%); Secondary infection: 7 (17.5%); Shock: 1 (0.7%) | Severe: 40 (29.6%); mild: 95 (70.4%) | Fever: 120 (88.9%);Cough: 102 (76.5′%); Myalgia or fatigue: 44 (32.5%);Headache: 34 (32.5%); Pharyngalgia: 24 (17.7%); diarrhoea: 18 (13.3%); dyspnoea: 18 (13.3%); Chest tightness and shortness of breath:12 (8.8%); Sputum production: 12 (8.8%); Fear of cold: 14 (10.3%); Loss of appetite: 6 (4.4%); Palpitation: 5 (3.7%); Haemoptysis: 4 (3.0%); Retching: 4 (3.0%) | Antiviral therapy: 135 (100%); Antibiotic therapy: 59 (43.7%); Use of corticosteroid: 36 (26.7%); Traditional Chinese medicine: 124 (91.8%); Continuous renal replacement therapy: 5 (3.7%); Oxygen support: 90 (66.7%); Non-invasive ventilation or high‐flow nasal cannula: 34 (25.2%); Invasive mechanical ventilation: 1 (0.7%) |
| Shi et al. (2020) | 81 | 49.5 (11.0)a | Male: 42 (52%), Female: 39 (48%) | Chronic pulmonary disease 9 (11%); Diabetes 10 (12%); Hypertension 12 (15%); Chronic renal failure 3 (4%); Cardiovascular disease 8 (10%); Cerebrovascular disease 6 (7%); Malignancy 4 (5%); Hepatitis or liver cirrhosis 7 (9%) | NR | Fever 59 (73%); Dyspnoea 34 (42%); Chest tightness 18 (22%); Cough 48 (59%); Sputum 15 (19%); Rhinorrhoea 21 (26%); Anorexia 1 (1%); Weakness 7 (9%); Vomiting 4 (5%); Headache 5 (6%); Dizziness 2 (2%); Diarrhoea 3 (4%) | NR |
| Huang et al. (2020) | 41 | 49.0 (41.0–58.0)a | Male: 30 (73%); Female: 11 (27%) | Diabetes 8 (20%); Hypertension 6 (15%); Cardiovascular disease 6 (15%); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1 (2%); Malignancy 1 (2%); Chronic liver disease 1 (2%) | NR | Fever 40 (98%); Cough 31 (76%); Myalgia or fatigue 18 (44%); Sputum production 11/39 (28%); Headache 3/38 (8%); Haemoptysis 2/39 (5%); Diarrhoea 1/38 (3%); Dyspnoea 22/40 (55%); | Antibiotic therapy 41 (100%); Antiviral therapy 38 (93%); Use of corticosteroid 9 (22%) |
| Xu et al. (2020) | 1 | 50 | Male | NR | NR | Fever, chills, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath | Interferon alfa-2b (5 million units twice daily, atomisation inhalation) and lopinavir plus ritonavir (500 mg twice daily, orally) as antiviral therapy, and moxifloxacin (0·4 g once daily, intravenously |
| Lie et al. (2020) | 5771 | 56 (43–65)a | Male: 2,724 (47.2%) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Wang et al. (2020) | 138 | 56 (42–68)a | Male: 75 (54.3%); Female: 63 (45.7% | Hypertension 43 (31.2); Cardiovascular disease 20 (14.5); Diabetes 14 (10.1); Malignancy 10 (7.2); Cerebrovascular disease 7 (5.1); COPD 4 (2.9); Chronic kidney disease 4 (2.9); Chronic liver disease 4 (2.9); HIV infection 2 (1.4), | NR | Fever 136 (98.6); Fatigue 96 (69.6); Dry cough 82 (59.4); Anorexia 55 (39.9); Myalgia 48 (34.8); dyspnoea 43 (31.2); Expectoration 37 (26.8); Pharyngalgia 24 (17.4); diarrhoea 14 (10.1); Nausea 14 (10.1); Dizziness 13 (9.4); Headache 9 (6.5); Vomiting 5 (3.6); Abdominal pain 3 (2.2) | Antiviral therapy 124 (89.9); Glucocorticoid therapy 62 (44.9); invasive mechanical ventilation 17 (12.32); extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 4 (2.9) |
| Yang et al. (2020) | 149 | 45.11 ± 13.35b | Male: 81; Female: 68 | Cardio-cerebrovascular disease 28 (18.79%); Digestive system diseases 8 (5.37%); Endocrine diseases 9 (6.04%); Malignant tumour 2 (1.34%); Neural system diseases 0 (0%); Respiratory system diseases 1 (0.67%); Others 4 (2.68%) | NR | Fever 114 (76.51%); cough 87 (58.39%); Expectoration 48 (32.21%); dyspnoea 2 (1.34%); Muscle pain 5 (3.36%); Headache 13 (8.72%); Sore throat 21 (14.09%); Snotty 5 (3.36%); Chest pain 5 (3.36%); Chest tightness 16 (10.74%); Chill 21 (14.09%); diarrhoea 11 (7.38%); Nausea and vomiting 2 (1.34%) | Antibiotic treatment 34 (22.82%); Antifungal treatment 0 (0.0%); Antiviral treatment 140 (93.96%); Interferon administration 144 (96.64%); Glucocorticoids 5 (3.36%); Immunoglobulin therapy 19 (12.75%) |
| Huang et al. (2020) | 34 | 56.24 ± 17.14b | Male: 14 (41.2%); Female: 20 (58.8%) | Diabetes 4 (11.8%); Hypertension: 8 (23.5%); Cardiovascular disease: 6 (17.6%); Chronic obstructive: 1 (2.9%); Pulmonary disease: 2 (5.9%); Malignancy: 3 (8.8%); Chronic liver disease: 1 (2.9%); Hyperuricemia: 1 (2.9%); Hypothyroidism: 2 (5.9%); HIV infection: 2 (5.9%) | NR | Fever: 32 (94.1%); Cough: 17 (50.0%); Myalgia or fatigue: 22 (64.7%); Sputum production: 8 (23.5%); Headache: 2 (5.9%); diarrhoea: 5 (14.7%); dyspnoea: 5 (14.7%) | Antibiotic therapy: 31 (91.2%); Antiviral therapy (other drugs but not lopinavir/ritonavir): 32 (94.1%); Antiviral therapy (switch to lopinavir/ritonavir later): 9 (26.5%); Use of corticosteroid 21 (61.8%) |
| Qian et al. (2020) | 91 | 50 (36.5–57)a | Female: 54 (59.34%); Male: 37 (40.66%) | Hypertension: 15 (16.48%); Diabetes Mellitus: 8 (8.79%); Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: 3 (3.30%) | NR | Fever 65 (71.43); unknown 2 (2.2); cough 55 (60.44%); Fatigue 40 (43.96%); Expectoration 30 (32.97%); Anorexia 23 (25.27%); diarrhoea 21 (23.08%); Chest distress: 17 (18.68%); Nausea: 11 (12.09%); Shortness of breath: 10 (10.99%); dyspnoea: 3 (3.3%); Headache7 (7.69%); Vomiting 6 (6.59%); Myalgia: 5 (5.49%); Back discomfort 3 (3.3%) | NR |
T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, ACEi/ARBi Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, NR not reported.
aThe Median with IQR.
bMean with SD.
cThe range.