Table 1.
Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes or associated lifestyle factors
| Risk factor | Direction of effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Biological factors | ||
| Insulin resistance | ↑ | Kanaya (2014)11 Gujral (2014)20 |
| Impaired insulin secretion | ↑ | Kanaya (2014)11 Gujral (2014)20 |
| Hepatic fat deposition | ↑ | Shah (2016)39 Gujral (2020)12 |
| Visceral fat area | ↑ | Gujral (2020)12 |
| Low lean muscle mass | ↑ | Shah (2016)39 |
| History of gestational diabetes | ↑ | Gadgil (2017)102 |
| Behavioral factors | ||
| Healthy plant-based diet | ↓ | Gadgil (2015)32 Bhupathiraju (2019)53 |
| Fried sweets, snacks, and high-fat dairy | ↑ | Gadgil (2015)32 Jin (2018)52 |
| Animal protein | ↑ | Gadgil (2015)32 |
| Physical inactivity | ↑ | Kanaya (2015)11 Shah (2014)61 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea or sleep-disordered breathing | ↑ | Deol (2018)66 |
| Sociocultural factors | ||
| Separation assimilation strategy | ↑ | Al-Sofiani (2020)69 |
| Integration assimilation strategy | ↓ | Al-Sofiani (2020)69 |
| Acculturation assimilation strategy | ↓ | Al-Sofiani (2020)69 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||
| Exercise partners | ↓ | Thanawala (2020)81 |
| Social influence of adult children | ↓ | Ram (2020)82 |
| Self-reported discrimination | ↑ | Nadimpalli (2017)85 |
| Environmental factors | ||
| Neighborhood walk score | ↓ | Kelley (2016)90 |
| Persistent organic pollutants | ↑ | La Merrill (2019)95 |